Delta Module 1 Practice Test

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• Which language is described as a stress-timed language in the material?
• Which term describes a method of checking learners' comprehension of meaning before focusing on form, using examples from the text to elicit rules about form, use, and pronunciation?
• Which items do not carry conventional meaning and are used to fill pauses or buy thinking time?
• What term means setting the topic or subject of discussion?
• What term describes knowledge of the language system and its rules?
• What is the term for an error caused by lack of knowledge of a language item?
• What term describes an item of language isolated from context, such as a phoneme, a past tense form, a phrasal verb, or a conjunction?
• What does connotative meaning refer to?
• Which type of intelligence is associated with a strong visual memory and spatial reasoning?
• Language in the input that learners notice and internalise is called what?
• Which phoneme is the bilabial nasal?
• What term refers to an approach to teaching writing where the final product is the focus and a model is provided as guidance?
• Which term denotes the idea that English is owned by a global community rather than by native-speaking countries?
• Universal Grammar is associated with which linguist?
• Which of the following is an example of a discourse filler?
• Which term is a set of rules about language based on how people think language should be used, distinguishing right and wrong language?
• Which technique is described as helping students say a difficult sentence by breaking it into smaller parts and practising, then building up to the full sentence?
• The giving or input of language to students is called?
• Which term best describes the relationship where a body part like the nose is a part of the face?
• Which type of intelligence is associated with physical activities and making things?
• What term refers to a language adopted as a common means of communication between speakers with different native languages?
• What characterizes a Criterion-referenced test?
• Which term refers to a task where learners have to decide what to do at certain points to reach a final goal?
• The study of language as expressed in samples (corpora) of real-world text is called
• Which term defines a syllabus that emphasizes the processes learners use to complete language tasks, such as collecting information and drafting?
• Which term describes a bilabial plosive?
• In Lewis's model, what is the correct order of the stages Observe, Hypothesise, and Experiment?
• What term refers to a single task, exercise or game for students to work on?
• Which term describes the process of asking for clarification to reach mutual understanding?
• The hypothesis that learners' attention will be drawn to classroom events that are different from those they are accustomed to is known as
• Which is a fricative consonant?
• What do you call the places in a sentence where a particular grammatical form is required for correctness?
• Cued Articulation (CA) is a system that uses hand cues to show where and how speech sounds are made. What does CA stand for?
• Which knowledge category refers to information about social and cultural aspects of language use?
• Citation form refers to the pronunciation of a word when spoken in isolation.
• What term refers to parts of conversational interactions where learners discuss the language forms they are using and engage in self- and peer-correction?
• What term describes where one word ends and the next one begins, especially in connected speech?
• Which full name corresponds to the abbreviation CLT?
• What term describes a word or phrase that plays a role in managing the flow and structure of discourse?
• Which term refers to a general word describing classroom practices irrespective of the specific method used?
• Which cohesion device involves replacing a noun phrase with a single word to avoid repetition?
• Which term denotes an activity that involves the whole group, including the teacher and all learners?
• Switching between two languages within sentences and phrases to show belonging is called what?
• Which concept describes a learner's conscious attention to a language item and its form, use, and meaning?
• Which term focuses on the skills and processes involved in learning language, such as collecting information and organizing ideas?
• Which term describes lexical chunks that include slots for inserting different words or phrases, as in 'Could you please pass the salt?'
• This involves the analysis of recognisable categories of discourse on the basis of purpose and structure; example includes a research paper abstract, obituary, or menu. What is this called?
• Which term refers to how we use language in different contexts and its appropriacy?
• Acquisition is described as the way we learn our first language, through real communication without formal teaching.
• A grammatical unit which precedes a noun phrase and modifies the noun phrase is called a what?
• Which symbol is listed for the open-back unrounded vowel as described?
• An activity with communication as the main aim and typically involving an information gap is called?
• Which description best defines 'deductive learning'?
• Which approach uses concept questions as part of the guided discovery process?
• Which term describes assimilation?
• What term denotes an umbrella item of lexis which subsumes a range of more specific items?
• Which place of articulation uses the center of the tongue on the middle of the hard palate, as in /j/?
• Overlapping speech is best described as which phenomenon?
• What theory describes language knowledge as interconnected units activated through exposure to them together?
• Which theory views learning as habit formation strengthened by reinforcement and is associated with Skinner?
• Which term describes a characteristic way of conveying information, such as humourous or journalistic?
• Language used to describe language items or used in class to give instructions is called?
• The sound /ʒ/ is best described as which type of sound?
• How many morphemes are in the word 'disinterested'?
• What is the term for the omission of a sound in connected speech, often after similar sounds such as t + d?
• Which feature indicates which syllables are stressed within a word?
• Which term denotes a distinctive sound of a language that cannot be replaced without changing meaning?
• Which full name corresponds to the abbreviation CBLT?
• Under the Affective Filter Hypothesis, what effect would a low affective filter have on language input processing?
• Which term, introduced by Larsen-Freeman, views grammar as a developing skill rather than a fixed knowledge base, describing processes that tune sequences of words for more complex messages?
• What term describes a reference in language whose interpretation depends on the surrounding context?
• Which class of words connects a subordinate clause to a main clause, such as "if", "because", or "when"?
• What do we call two words that differ from each other by only one phoneme, such as met and mat?
• Which place of articulation involves the tongue tip on or near the alveolar ridge?
• The use of various teaching styles in a discriminating manner as required by learner needs and styles is described by which term?
• Which term denotes the social position signified by mode of address?
• Which category describes a cognitive strategy used when approaching unfamiliar language, such as focusing on word endings?
• Which term is defined as a method of rapidly moving your eyes over text to get the main ideas and general overview?
• Which knowledge category relates to grammar, lexis, and sounds used to interpret listening input?
• Which term describes a sound change where a final consonant is not pronounced because it is in a cluster with following words?
• An indication to the learner that his/her use of the target language is incorrect is called
• A verb that does not take an object is called an...
• A chant or jazz chant is best described as which of the following?
• What term describes learning a second language without losing the first?
• Things that you hope will be achieved during a lesson or sequence of lessons are called what?
• An adjective made up of two or more elements, such as weather-beaten or shop-soiled, is called what?
• Which language is cited as an example of a syllable-timed language in the material?
• What do you call a jigsaw activity where groups read or listen to different content and then report back to compare what they've learned?
• Which hypothesis asserts that grammatical morphemes are learned in a predetermined natural sequence?
• What term describes the positive or negative impact of a test on classroom teaching?
• In spoken English, which concept describes the portion of the utterance not vital for communication?
• Sociolect concerns language variation related to?
• Two words that differ from each other in pronunciation by only one phoneme are called what?
• An assessment that evaluates grammar, vocabulary, text organization, and register in a single writing task would be categorized as which kind of test?
• Register in linguistics is best described as what?
• Which term describes small sound contrasts that can change meaning within a language, such as between p and b in English?
• In a hyponym-hyponymy relationship, what term refers to the more general word?
• Which term describes words sharing the same root with different affixes, as in love, lovely, loving, unloved?
• A conventional speech sound produced by articulatory movements that alter, interrupt, or obstruct the expired airstream is an example of which category?
• A teacher asks a question whose answer is already known to the teacher. This type is called what?
• The concept referring to appropriate language for specific situations is called?
• Which term expresses mood or attitude or modifies the meaning of the main verb in a sentence?
• Which term concerns body language, including gestures and facial expressions used to add meaning beyond words?
• Reading longer texts for pleasure without worrying about details is described as?
• What term describes the contents of a language course and the order in which they are taught?
• Which term encompasses non-verbal cues such as gestures and facial expressions that accompany spoken language?
• Which term corresponds to Text as a Vehicle for Information?
• What term refers to the intuitive knowledge about a language that enables use?
• Which term describes words created by combining two or more words, such as washing machine or mother-in-law?
• The context-specific and culture-specific meaning of an utterance is described as what?
• What term describes self-correction by filling in a detail which should have occurred earlier in speech?
• Which learning approach starts by teaching grammar rules before students practice using them?
• Which term describes a subdivision of a larger text usually beginning with a topic sentence and developed over several sentences?
• In the sentence 'It fell on the land, which quickly flooded', the phrase 'which quickly flooded' is an example of which type of clause?
• Which term describes a group of words that belong to the same category?
• Which method would be described as focusing on pattern drills to achieve automatic responses?
• In the sentence 'They demolished the house WHERE I USED TO LIVE', what is 'WHERE' grammatically?
• Which activity involves learners placing events from a short text in chronological order?
• Language used to avoid pauses and to hold the floor, with examples like er, um, well, you know, is known as what?
• In the sentence 'He went there BECAUSE HE WANTED REVENGE', the clause 'BECAUSE HE WANTED REVENGE' functions as what?
• Which term describes an error made when a learner applies a rule in a context where it does not belong (for example adding -ed to an irregular verb)?
• Which theory suggests that learners have a sensory preference for one input channel over others?
• In applied linguistics, what term describes the field that collects and assesses learners' errors to analyze what learners get wrong and how to address it in the classroom?
• The example where learners perform a physical action in response to an instruction demonstrates which approach?
• A verb that expresses an action directed toward a person, place, thing, or idea is called a?
• What are single morphemes that cannot be further subdivided?
• A feature of connected speech when a sound changes to another sound because of a neighboring sound, e.g. in ten boys /n/ followed by /b/ changes to /m/ as in /tembɔɪz/ is called what?
• Which term refers to how a teacher or learner uses resources to meet learning aims, such as using a native speaker in a role-play?
• Which term refers to a conversational pattern where the dialogue alternates as A-B-A-B?
• The study of how speech sounds are produced, used and distinguished in a language is called what?
• If learners are asked to speak in a group or write, this activity falls under which category?
• A process through which an error has become a permanent feature of a learner's language use and is believed to be resistant to correction.
• What are back-channelling signals?
• Which theory suggests language development is tied to general cognitive development and grows from language use?
• Which concept endorses that ongoing reading and listening exposure is beneficial when the material is slightly above the learner's level?
• A high affective filter is typically caused by stress, anxiety, or negative attitudes and will what to acquisition?
• A sound made by restricting the flow of air, which may result in friction is called?
• Which term describes a group of words sharing the same root but with different affixes, such as love, lovely, loving, unloved?
• Which term best describes the process by which learners notice and internalise language from exposure?
• Which term is used for a text type with formal structure such as letters or emails?
• Which field studies memory and problem-solving among others?
• What is the term for a vowel sound that contains two components, the onglide and offglide, as in 'play'?
• Which term describes a part of a lesson where students clarify language system items including usage, pronunciation, and meaning?
• Which term describes adjectives that cannot be intensified with very?
• Which approach identifies writing as a social activity with power relations and social conventions?
• When you put something on the end of the root of the verb, e.g., third person 's' or 'ed' ending in past simple, this is called what?
• Which term describes an interaction where language learners work toward the correct form in a meaningful context, and the teacher guides rather than directly supplying the form?
• A person’s unique patterns of vocabulary or idiom selection, grammar, or pronunciation are described as their what?
• An error correction technique that involves students passing corrections to each other across the classroom is called what?
• A language used widely outside its native country to facilitate international communication is called what?
• Which term describes a record of a learner's verbalization of thoughts while performing a task like writing?
• Revision of small or 'surface' errors in a written text (punctuation or grammar) is known as what?
• Which term names a loose collective of teachers challenging over-reliance on materials in current language teaching?
• What is one distinct part of a lesson, usually a single activity?
• Which type of intelligence is described as being good at languages and enjoying reading and writing?
• Which term refers to expressions that carry non-literal meanings and are widely understood?
• What term describes the evolving system of language approximations a learner uses as they acquire a second language?
• In NLP, what term describes how well someone can observe about themselves or others using their senses?
• A test designed to show what language skills or knowledge a learner already has before beginning a language course is called what?
• A dialogue situation in which two speakers talk at the same time is described as?
• Which description fits an indirect test?
• Which description matches the humanistic approach to language learning?
• Which term describes the extent to which a learner's use of a second language conforms to the rules of the language, usually measured by grammatical accuracy?
• Which syllabus focuses on outcomes rather than the learning process?
• Which of the following is not listed as a vowel sound in the example set provided?
• Fluent speech in which words are not pronounced separately, with weak forms and elision is called?
• A word or number of words that could be considered a single item of vocabulary is called what?
• In the example phrase 'What time do you call this?', the literal meaning is clear but the function is to express which of the following?
• Which term is defined as a sentence that is grammatically incomplete?
• Smaller units added to words to alter their meaning, such as the plural suffix -s, are called what?
• Cognitive Theory views second language acquisition as which kind of process?
• Exposure to language when it is being used naturally is described as what?
• Which learner type has a relative difficulty distinguishing details from surrounding information and tends to do well in teams?
• Which term denotes the aim of a lesson or sequence of lessons?
• Which term refers to a syllabus organized around general areas of meaning used in most grammars, such as frequency, location, duration and possibility?
• Which language type has syllables that take approximately equal time to pronounce?
• Which term describes the persistent lack of progress in interlanguage form despite exposure or instruction?
• What describes a way of writing grammar information as patterns that can be used to generate further sentences?
• Which approach emphasizes expressing and understanding functions (such as requesting, describing) and focuses on communication?
• Which of the following is an example of a determiner?
• What term refers to a phrase that contains a verb and normally a subject, and can stand as a sentence or be part of one?
• Which classroom approach is used to increase STT by having group work with the teacher monitoring rather than an open class?
• In video-based teaching, what is the term for a single activity rather than a sequence?
• Alveolar consonants are produced with the tongue close to or touching the ridge behind the teeth.
• The person being addressed in a conversation is called the?
• Which drill involves repeating the prompt exactly as given, without modification?
• The audiolingualism method uses which type of analysis to guide instruction?
• Which term refers to a group-wide activity where learners work with the teacher in front of the class?
• What is the term for a verb form used in passive sentences and to form perfect and progressive aspects, including present participle and past participle?
• Which term describes a language that has two forms, a higher and a lower form, used in formal and informal contexts?
• A spoken or written text which is formulated close to an authentic text, but adjusted to suit the learner's level of proficiency is called what?
• A discourse marker used to hedge or soften statements is best described as which type?
• Which instructional approach draws attention to language forms within communicative activity?
• What is the literal meaning of a word or utterance called?
• Which term describes shortening a longer word, often used informally, such as maths from mathematics?
• Which set of principles includes the development of human values and active learner involvement in learning?
• Which procedure involves learners verbalizing their thought processes while undertaking learning activities?
• Which term refers to the unit of talk bounded by silence?
• What do learners typically report having learned from a lesson, which often does not match the teacher's intended teaching?
• What is the term for the most direct meaning of a word?
• Which activity is given as an example of restricted output?
• Which term describes a group of words sharing the same root with different affixes?
• Which knowledge refers to the information from the listening situation itself that helps predict content?
• What does the acronym VLE stand for?
• Which term refers to the ability to convey meaning rather than focusing on minor mistakes in grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary?
• The language, either written or spoken, which a learner is exposed to in the environment, is called what?
• What term describes the way language expresses a speaker's attitude to what is said or written?
• What best defines a lexical field?
• Which term describes a syllabus organized around concepts such as duration, location, degree, and direction?
• Cognates are defined as two words which have the same form and meaning in two languages. Which of the following is a cognate-type description?
• During a conversation, which utterance would most likely function as back-channeling?
• Allophones are context-dependent realizations of a phoneme. Which option best describes this relationship?
• Which term describes a consonant made with both lips?
• What term refers to the study of speech sounds and sound production in general?
• A whole–part relationship such as wheel to car is an example of which term?
• A word which carries meaning when used alone and refers to a thing, state, quality or action is a what?
• Which technique involves a teacher and student discussing a piece of writing during drafting?
• Which term describes a consonant sound made by a sudden release of air from between the tongue and the alveolar / tooth ridge?
• Within a tone unit, which term refers to the most prominent syllable or the main stress?
• Which term describes a verb that has little lexical meaning on its own and must combine with a noun or adjective to have meaning?
• Which term denotes an error produced when a learner is tired and knows the rule but fails to apply it?
• Which approach is described as the best-known current approach to language teaching?
• Which term describes a speech sound consisting of a stop and a fricative articulated at the same place of articulation?
• Which term refers to English for Specific Purposes, such as English for Nurses?
• Which of the following sounds is a fricative?
• Revision focused on larger structures of a written text, such as overall organization, rather than local grammar or punctuation is called what?
• Which term best describes a fixed expression that cannot be understood by analyzing its parts alone?
• Which term describes the process of forming new words by copying the sound of the first word in the second?
• Which theory describes a period of growth during which full native competence is possible when acquiring a language?
• A morpheme that cannot stand alone, such as -ing or -ful, is called what?
• What term covers the feedback signals used by a listener to show they understand the message?
• What is the term for the way a speaker highlights certain words in a sentence to convey meaning?
• Which theoretical perspective posits that learning occurs as habits are formed and reinforced with positive feedback?
• Which term describes learners being fully immersed in the target language, with degrees such as full and partial immersion?
• What does the acronym EAP stand for?
• Which term describes the use of a medical register to maintain a consistent level of formality and terminology within a domain?
• Which organization developed the CEFR framework?
• The linking of sounds together in speech, such as the grouping of phonemes into syllables and words through assimilation, elision, and juncture is called what?
• Which term refers to social function communication such as starting a conversation, greeting someone, or saying goodbye?
• The process of dividing sentences into their constituent parts is called?
• Which notion describes how accurately grammatical forms are used in learner language, for example preferring plural 's' over possessive 's'?
• The attitudinal meaning of a word that may be culturally determined.
• In the example 'meaningful', which component is a free morpheme?
• Which term describes knowledge that enables fluent language use without conscious thought?
• Which term refers to the group of language skills that includes speaking, listening, reading and writing?
• Which term refers to words that have a sound that represents what the word means?
• Which teaching approach is characterized by explicit grammar rules and translation exercises?
• Which language type is characterized by stressed syllables occurring at roughly regular intervals, while unstressed syllables are shortened to fit the rhythm?
• What is the term for the learner's background knowledge about a topic that helps interpret a text?
• The type of test exemplified by the IQ test is what?
• A task-based syllabus is described as being structured around what?
• What is the term for a practice exercise where learners have to replace words missing from a text, with words removed at regular intervals?
• What is the largest purely grammatical unit in a language?
• Which hypothesis explains how affective factors such as attitude and stress can influence how much language input a learner processes?
• Which terms describe speaking and writing because learners need to produce language?
• Anchoring, an NLP technique, can be used in classrooms to support which of the following?
• What term describes the written instructions and scoring criteria for a writing task in proficiency exams?
• Which test evaluates individual language components in isolation?
• Which type of reference points to information outside the text but is understood within the surrounding context?
• What type of test compares test takers to each other rather than against external criteria?
• What term describes a grid-like tool with predetermined categories used to record teaching and learning behaviours?
• What term denotes the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure?
• What term is used metaphorically to describe the temporary interactional support given to learners during development of language?
• A test that uses tasks mirroring real-life activities, such as role-plays or completing forms, is called what?
• Which term refers to the limitations on processing information in a second language compared to one's first language?
• What procedure requires learners to report on their learning activities by speaking their thoughts aloud and then having these transcribed?
• Which term describes the process of causing one sound to become more like an adjacent sound?
• A test that provides a basis for determining a candidate's level of knowledge and skills relative to a well-defined domain of content is called...
• In phonemic transcription, which symbol indicates length for long vowels?
• This occurs when a learner compensates for language deficiency by using a communication strategy. Which term describes it?
• In ELT, what does Congruency refer to?
• Which linguistic unit is exemplified by the sequence /k/ /ɔ:/ /t/ in the word 'caught'?
• What term refers to the way language points to spatial, temporal and personal features of the context?
• A group of words that belong to the same category, such as apple, kiwi, banana, pineapple, is known as what?
• Which term describes the use of more words than necessary to express an idea?
• Which teaching technique requires learners to listen and actively demonstrate understanding with responses?
• Received Pronunciation is an accent often referred to as what?
• The linguistic construction that focuses on a particular part of the sentence by introducing it with a relative clause is called what?
• Which competence concerns how we organize texts and conversations so they hang together?
• In which activity do learners ask and answer questions to uncover missing information, sometimes illustrated by a task like 'spot the differences'?
• The WHAT of the situation, i.e., what kind of social activity is going on and about what sort of topic, is referred to as which concept?
• The purpose or intention of a particular sentence within written discourse is called what?
• Which term is used for a record of a learner's verbalization of thoughts during a task, such as writing?
• What type of motivation comes from internal factors such as interest in language learning?
• In a tone unit, what term is used for the last prominent syllable where the tone change begins?
• Global comprehension is the ability to understand the general meaning of listening to or reading. What does this refer to?
• Which term describes a word with related senses, such as the multiple senses of foot?
• Learning a language because of its value in helping to integrate with speakers of that language is what type of motivation?
• Direct reference to the non-linguistic context, relying on world knowledge, is known as which type of reference?
• Which concept describes acquiring a second language while maintaining the first language healthfully?
• One of the factors that affect intelligibility in pronunciation is which of the following?
• Which statement describes bottom-up processing?
• The psychological barrier that allows input to be filtered through to a language processing mechanism. A low filter has little anxiety increasing comprehension and attention. Which term?
• Which term describes the process of selecting techniques for classroom use from a range of methods?
• Errors which prevent a listener from understanding a message, obstructing communication, are known as which type of errors?
• Which term describes errors that occur before the learner is exposed to the language item?
• What describes roots with bound morphemes attached at the beginning or end?
• The vocabulary of a language, i.e., its entire word inventory, is best referred to as which term?
• Which language-teaching method, developed by James Asher in the early 1970s, is based on comprehension and uses commands requiring physical responses?
• Which term describes an ordered sequence of techniques?
• Which term describes the stress, rhythm, and intonation along with tempo, loudness and voice quality of speech?
• Strategies used by learners to obtain practice in using the language. Example: starting up conversations.
• Which term describes selecting techniques for classroom use from a range of different methods?
• According to the material, is English considered a diglossic language?
• Which term describes knowledge of language form and the ability to apply it in communication?
• What is the term for the musical pattern of speech?
• What is the concept that suggests a period when learners are not expected to actively produce language, based on listening input in infants?
• Which theory views second language acquisition as a conscious and reasoned thinking process that involves deliberate use of learning strategies?
• Which consonants are produced with vibrating the vocal cords?
• What term refers to the process of influencing how a statement is perceived by using cautious language?
• What term refers to awareness of the societies and cultures of the target language and the contexts it is used in?
• In traditional grammar, what term describes the combination of auxiliary and main verbs functioning together as in 'have been studying'?
• The way in which the implementation of a test can affect the interpretability of test scores; the practical consequences of the introduction of a test.
• The basic unit of sound from which we build up words and sentences is called what?
• Which of the following is a non-finite verb form?
• Which term stands for English for Speakers of Other Languages, or English as a Second or Other Language?
• Which term is the standard abbreviation for English for Speakers of Other Languages?
• In language teaching, what term describes the overarching view that guides the selection of methods and classroom activities?
• In language teaching, what is the process of clarifying language system items for learners?
• The process of "squeezing together" the syllables that occur between stressed syllables is called what?
• Which term on the list describes a language phenomenon with two forms, a high form and a low form?
• What term describes when one speaker's utterance has not finished before the next one begins?
• What is the term for the actual use of a verb in context, e.g., asking for permission or apologising?
• Which term describes a linguistic feature that signals a shift in topic or conversational focus, such as using 'Look' at the start of a sentence?
• What term describes grouping words together with a pause, or a change in pitch, or a lengthening of a syllable to signal the end of a chunk?
• Which term refers to a group of words that share the same root and can be inflected into different parts of speech?
• Which term refers to chunks whose parts never change and are used as fixed phrases?
• What is the most direct or specific meaning of a word?
• Which ability refers to producing extended written and spoken texts, such as conversations?
• Facts or information stored in memory that are static in nature (descriptive knowledge) are called
• What do we call written or spoken texts used with learners without changing their language level?
• What theory posits a period during which language acquisition occurs rapidly and perfectly, after which it is harder?
• Which term describes the reading strategy used to locate a specific fact or piece of information without reading everything?
• Which sentence uses a coordinating conjunction to join two independent clauses?
• Which language is given as an example of a stress-timed language?
• What is the term for an intonation pattern that signals information is already known?
• What term describes a wrong answer option in a multiple-choice test that is designed to be plausible?
• A database of real language samples stored on a computer used for investigating language use and structure is called what?
• Discourse markers used to signpost a writer's intentions and sequence, such as 'however' or 'eventually', are called what?
• What is the smallest meaningful unit in a word that cannot stand on its own?
• Which process involves linking final consonants with following vowels across word boundaries?
• What does CLT stand for in language teaching?
• What is the term for the contact a learner has with the language they are trying to learn, including contact outside the classroom?
• Which term describes the avoidance of language use due to difficulty or recall issues?
• Which term describes pairs of words that exhibit reversal of a relationship, as in John sells to Fred and Fred buys from John?
• What term describes an auxiliary verb that expresses attitude toward the main verb and does not inflect like a normal verb?
• Which piece of evidence supports the existence of a Language Acquisition Device?
• Which symbol corresponds to the unvoiced labiodental fricative listed second?
• Which teaching approach is historically linked to task-based learning due to its emphasis on using language to communicate?
• Which of the following is an example of cohesion?
• Which term describes a sound produced with the back of the tongue against the soft palate, as in /k/ and /g/, and the final consonant in 'sing'?
• What is a list of things an observer is going to look at when observing a class?
• A glottal stop is a consonant sound produced when the flow of air is stopped by the glottis closing, and then released. Which option matches this definition?
• Which term is used for English tailored to a professional field requiring specialized vocabulary?
• Which concept denotes knowledge about language facts stored in memory?
• Which term describes the view that humans are born with mental structures specialized for language?
• What term describes words formed by copying the sound of the first word in the second, as in 'mish-mash'?
• An unanalyzed sound of a language. It is the smallest identifiable unit found in a stream of speech that is able to be transcribed with an IPA symbol.
• Which syntactic arrangement places clauses or phrases one after another without explicit connectors?
• Which term describes words like 'sea' and 'see'?
• Which concept asks whether a test measures what it is intended to measure, ensuring instructions are understood and there is no unintended overlap?
• What does the term authentic output refer to in language learning?
• The relationship where X is a type of Y (for example, banana to fruit) is known as what?
• Which unit of speech is the smallest identifiable sound that can be transcribed with an IPA symbol?
• Which term refers to the function of language, i.e., what it does in real communication such as suggesting, criticising, or agreeing?
• What is the term for a noun made up of one or more words, with the final element always being a noun, whose referent is typically a single item?
• Which concept describes the stability of scores across testing occasions?
• Compound nouns are often written in which forms?
• Which term is a word that connects a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to other parts of a clause?
• Which drill allows prompts not limited to a single element of the pattern?
• What is the term for a grammar model that uses a tree structure to describe phrases as constituent parts?
• What is the term for the number of times a word appears in a text?
• In communication, the party who is the target of the message is the?
• Which term is defined as words that are written and pronounced the same but have different meanings?
• Which category of words indicates proximity to the speaker, such as this or these?
• Which term describes a word that connects two or more clauses or phrases of equal syntactic value?
• Which term describes the ability to define words and reflect on language use?
• Which term names a loose collective of teachers focused on learner-centered instruction and critical pedagogy in language teaching?
• The Language Acquisition Device is a concept associated with which linguist?
• Which term refers to knowledge about the world gained from experience, stored as mental representations?
• In the Test-Teach-Test paradigm, what happens in the middle phase?
• Which term refers to the process where speakers attempt to correct or manage problems that arise during a conversation, e.g., echoing or asking for clarification?
• Which teaching approach encourages teachers to pick from a wide range of methodologies depending on learner needs, including mixing deductive and inductive grammar instruction?
• What term describes a word that performs a syntactic role but contributes nothing to meaning, as in 'It is raining'?
• Which description matches the genre-based approach to writing?
• Which of the following are features that appear when sounds are connected in speech?
• Which term describes a language in which stressed syllables recur at different intervals and the intervening syllables are accommodated?
• The morphological process of adding a bound morpheme to the stem of a word to modify its meaning or class is called what?
• Which term describes language whose purpose is to smooth the conduct of social relations and has an interpersonal function?
• Which term refers to adjectives that cannot be expressed in degrees?
• Affricatives are consonant sounds made up of a stop followed by a fricative.
• What is the term for a listener asking for clarification to ensure understanding?
• Which term describes the awareness of the societies and cultures of the target language and its usage contexts?
• TPR stands for?
• A consonant sound in which the air flow is initially stopped, but then released slowly with friction, as in /tʃ/ is called what?
• Which term describes language used to describe language items or to give classroom instructions?
• What word category describes a function word that does not fit into the main parts of speech and is usually a preposition or an adverb?
• Which of the following is a core tenet of the Silent Way?
• A word which is opposite in meaning to another one, such as big-small or arrive-leave, is called what?
• In the PPP model, what is the aim of the final stage?
• Which term describes the expected sequence of events for a routine or activity, such as how to catch a bus?
• What term refers to a word or phrase used to express contempt?
• Which term best describes the sound change where a vowel at the end of a word links with the beginning of the next word?
• A test which compares test takers to each other rather than against external criteria is called what?
• Which term focuses on the linking of sentences and ideas to form a unified text?
• What term refers to verbal signals from the listener, like 'really' or 'uh-huh', that show interest or attention?
• Which term would you use to classify the consonant sounds /b/, /m/, /p/, and /w/?
• In classroom interaction, which pattern corresponds to the teacher addressing the whole group?
• What term refers to language that students understand but are not able to produce?
• Which term best describes the study of categorising discourse types such as obituaries, abstracts and menus by their purpose and structure?
• Which approach focuses on producing a text that reproduces a model learners are initially given and analyzed for its features before producing a similar text?
• A syllabus based on the integration of a number of organising principles. Example: structures, functions, vocabulary and skills.
• When you want to determine if a learner can recognise or produce a specific language item, which type of test is used?
• The phenomenon of language variation linked to social groups is called?
• Which theory states language is innate and involves hypothesis, trial and error, creativity?
• Which term on the list is a test that helps identify problems with language?
• Revision of larger textual units, such as overall argument flow, is an example of which concept?
• Which feature of conversation helps manage turn-taking and shows stance, without necessarily adding propositional content?
• The grammatical syllabus organizes learning around structures rather than use in communication and is the most common type in published materials. Which option describes this syllabus?
• Which term describes the portion of an utterance that is not essential for understanding but aids fluency?
• An utterance that supports another speaker, such as 'Uh-huh', is known as what?
• Which term describes the act of using a verb to perform an action such as requesting permission?
• What linguistic category describes information about an action beyond tense and time, such as whether an action is finished or ongoing?
• What term names a scale of language items from one extreme to another, such as from never to always?
• What term describes the communicative purpose or use of an utterance, which may differ from its form?
• Which term describes the process of joining the beginning of one word with the end of another to form a new word?
• Which unit is defined as the largest purely grammatical unit in a language?
• What is the term for the associative meanings a word evokes—the emotions and judgments tied to it?
• A questioning technique that involves asking a question, pausing, and then calling on a student to answer is known as what?
• Faulty language output caused by affective factors (tiredness) or environmental factors (responding to partly heard messages) is known as what?
• Which linking sound occurs between vowels to create the phrase 'a free evening'?
• Which characteristic best describes the Direct Method in language teaching?
• What term is defined as a word that points to the time, place, or situation in which the speaker is speaking?
• Cued Articulation was devised by which speech and language therapist in the late 1970s?
• Which best describes top-down processing?
• Which term denotes the language used to describe, analyze, or explain another language, including grammatical terms and rules of syntax?
• Which concept addresses the idea that the meaning of an utterance is determined by its intended action and the context, not just literal meaning?
• Which term describes knowledge that integrates a number of organizing principles such as structures, functions, vocabulary and skills?
• Which approach uses communicative and interactive tasks as central units for instruction?
• Which of the following is an example of a modal auxiliary verb?
• A verb that does not take a direct object is called what?
• A test employing tasks which replicate real-life activities, such as writing a letter of complaint.
• Which term describes evaluating a learner's progress up to a point and providing a summary of their current status?
• What term describes the insertion of an extra sound between two words to aid pronunciation?
• Which concept emphasizes learning through interaction and the adjustment of discourse to support learner understanding?
• Which term best describes the automatic, characteristic way of thinking about tasks and processing information?
• Which term describes learning that occurs in real time and can include features like video chat?
• Which term refers to the process by which an error becomes a fixed feature of a learner's language?
• A small group of verbs used to convey the speaker's opinion or attitude is known as what?
• Which statement correctly contrasts Willis's and Lewis's positions?
• What term refers to a sample of the target language shown by a teacher to help learners notice patterns or imitate?
• In task-based learning, how is the language learned?
• Which error correction technique involves the teacher repeating the learner's utterance but correctly, without explicitly pointing out the error?
• Which learning style is associated with a preference for teacher-led instruction and clear steps?
• The language produced by a second language learner, which may have features of their first language and shows continual revision of internalised rules, is called what?
• Which term describes real objects used as teaching aids to make learning more natural, such as tickets or clothes?
• Which term describes the onset syllable in the example LIVES in LONDON?
• Which term describes the insertion of a consonant sound between two vowels in rapid speech, producing a new syllable boundary?
• Which examination is cited as an example of a criterion-referenced test?
• Which term refers to the study of the sound system of a language that describes the abstract system that allows the speakers to distinguish meaning from verbal noise?
• Which approach involves providing learners with key vocabulary before a task to support comprehension?
• Which term is associated with recognizing and considering a learner’s emotional state in the classroom?
• Which term refers to references to items within the same text, such as pronouns referring to an earlier noun?
• What term describes a sound produced by forcing air through a narrow channel formed by the lips, teeth, or tongue, as in /θ/?
• What is the term for the systematic study of a pair of languages to identify their structural differences and similarities?
• What term describes the lexical and grammatical means used to express attitude, as in 'Maybe Sarah is a chef'?
• A sequence of two related utterances by two different speakers. The first utterance leads to a set of expectations about the response.
• Which term corresponds to Text as a Stimulus for Production?
• Which concept coined by Stephen Krashen describes language that a learner can understand due to cues like gestures or context?
• The linguistic environment in which a word is used within a text is called?
• Which language teaching method emphasizes speaking and listening, discourages the mother tongue use, and uses dialogues and drills?
• A learner with a low affective filter is emotionally disposed to processing input. Which term describes this construct?
• Which term stands for English as an International Language?
• Which theory explains how the order of processing elements in sentences affects language development, focusing on real-time processing?
• Which stage involves the revision of written drafts after initial writing?
• A syllabus designed in units of material (or modules) based on language or content, which can be studied in any order.
• Zero or null anaphora is another name for what phenomenon?
• A group of language users who function in speech or writing in the same context of use. Example: sports commentators or writers of medical reports.
• Which term covers stress, rhythm, and intonation along with tempo, loudness, and voice quality?
• What is the name of the scientific study of thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?
• A reference that points outside of the text but is understood in context is called what?
• Discourse is defined as the way language is used for communicative effect in real-world situations. Which term best matches this definition?
• In addition to the core modals, there are other verbs which combine with other verbs to express modal meaning and are known as what?
• The WHO of the situation, the participants and their relationships, is referred to as which concept?
• Which term describes a strategy used by a learner who cannot express something and changes the message to avoid uncertain forms?
• Selecting techniques, activities, procedures for classroom use from a range of different methodologies is known as what?
• What term refers to the description of the allowed combinations of phonemes in a language?
• Which term describes learning that happens when the learner and the teacher are in the same place at the same time, and can also apply to online video chat?
• Which statement about word classes is correct?
• What is the name for the most common, typically unstressed vowel sound in English?
• Which term refers to the referential meaning that depends on context to identify the referent of words like 'I' and 'here'?
• Which term refers to the language immediately surrounding a target language item, helping interpret its meaning?
• The idea that language is closely linked to the culture and society in which it is used is called?
• Advanced placement exams are an example of which testing approach?
• Who is the speaker leading the discussion, typically using more discourse markers and having more to say?
• Which term refers to knowledge from context that enables the listener to predict the topic during listening?
• Which term labels words whose reference depends on the context of use, such as this, that, here, or there?
• The feature group that includes intonation and rhythm spanning the entire utterance is known as?
• What term refers to observable resources used to enhance or support the presenter's message?
• A grammatical term used for the imperative, infinitive and subjunctive forms of the verb is called what?
• Which term describes the way some words are emphasized to create regular beats?
• Which concept refers to phrases or sentences of similar construction placed side by side to aid cohesion?
• An utterance is best defined as what?
• Which describes a morpheme that cannot stand alone as a word?
• Which term describes language presented as an isolated item rather than within a meaningful context?
• Which term describes a language variety unique to an individual, manifested by patterns of vocabulary or idiom selection, grammar, or pronunciation?
• In generative grammar, the tree structure is used to describe phrases in terms of which parts?
• What term refers to possible ideas about language rules that learners form and test through use, changing as new information is received?
• Which term refers to a one-syllable sound that is made up of two vowels, and there are eight of these in Received Pronunciation English?
• Which term refers to the personal speaking habits that characterize an individual’s speech?
• What does CLIL stand for?
• Which hypothesis describes the role of a conscious 'monitor' that scrutinises output to ensure accuracy, particularly in formal writing?
• A cloze procedure is a gap-fill exercise with regularly spaced gaps; a modified cloze has gaps for selected items.
• Which term describes an alteration suggested to correct or clarify a previous conversational contribution?
• High-order questions require answers that go beyond simple information and involve more abstract language functions, such as giving and justifying opinions, speculation, and hypothesising. Which term best fits this description?
• What term describes mini exclamations like 'Oh!' or 'Wow!' within speech?
• The audio-lingual method is grounded in which theoretical perspective?
• Which item is not commonly listed as a language system alongside grammar, lexis, phonology, function and discourse?
• Which term refers to the strategies used by learners to plan, regulate and monitor their learning (for example, highlighting important information)?
• What term describes the omission of words in speech or writing that are not needed to convey meaning?
• Which term describes the social, psychological, and physical setting of a communicative event?
• Which term would you use to describe the set of words and non-verbal cues used by a listener to indicate understanding during a conversation?
• Which approach is a listening-based application of Krashen's ideas?
• Which ability is about distinguishing language sounds, such as wreath vs reef?
• What are errors that relate to only part of a message and do not prevent comprehension called?
• The effect of a learner’s native language on learning another language is called?
• Which term relates to the use of tangible classroom objects to aid language teaching?
• Used to define/describe a group of objects. Example: a flock of seagulls.
• What does the abbreviation WM stand for in this context?
• Which sentence illustrates the present perfect tense?
• What term describes the feature of the verb that expresses the speaker's attitude, such as imperative, indicative, or subjunctive?
• Which concept refers to a set of rules about language based on how it is actually used, with no right or wrong language?
• Which term describes a morpheme that cannot stand alone as a word?
• What term describes the relationship between the verb plus its noun phrases that can be changed without changing the basic meaning of the sentence, such as active and passive?
• In a learning approach where learners complete interactive tasks and then discuss the language used, what is this approach?
• Which hypothesis proposes that there is a fixed order in which grammatical structures are acquired, independent of learners' first language, aptitude, or age?
• Which term refers to the linguistic process of connecting sentences throughout a text?
• Which term describes the process by which incorrect language becomes a habit and cannot easily be corrected?
• What is 'Concord' in language teaching?
• A body of utterances used for lexical, grammatical, or other linguistic analysis is called
• A noun formed by adding -ing to the verb-stem is known as what?
• Which theory states that language learning starts from social interaction and is later internalized by the individual?
• Which term refers to events 'in progress', which can be temporary, incomplete, or of limited duration?
• Which concept captures a speaker's overall language idiosyncrasies and personal style?
• In the writing process described, which stage follows drafting?
• Various mental processes the learner uses to work on, internalise, and automatise new language. These include repetition, organising new language, summarising meaning, guessing meaning from context, using imagery for memorisation. Which term describes these?
• Which test is used to identify a student’s level or what they know at the start of a course?
• Which of the following best defines a step-by-step syllabus that moves from simple to complex?
• Which term refers to the dictionary meaning of a word, as opposed to its attitudinal or cultural associations?
• Which term identifies the interaction of language systems in the mind affecting language performance or development?
• What do we call words or phrases created to describe new things or to give a new name to an old idea?
• Which description matches knowledge that listeners use to interpret language by analogy with past experiences and stereotypes about people and text types?
• The task where participants decide if a sentence is grammatical is called what?
• The process of creating connected text in speech or writing through grammatical and lexical means is called?
• What is the term for the knowledge about words, their meanings, use, and relationships?
• Which term refers to a mental representation of a typical sequence of events in daily life used to plan language production?
• The i+1 concept is associated with which approach?
• A verb that connects the subject to the complement, often called a linking verb, is known as?
• Which term reflects the practice of teachers studying their own teaching context to improve instruction?
• Which statement best distinguishes a 'method' from 'methodology'?
• Which approach advocates using a principled mix of teaching styles tailored to learner needs?
• What term refers to theories about the nature of language and language learning that guide classroom practices?
• Which term describes the explicit or implicit intent behind an utterance that affects interpretation?
• This occurs when a learner avoids using language, which is difficult or poorly remembered. Which term describes this?
• Which term describes words that are written the same but pronounced differently and have different meanings?
• Reading a short story with no tasks other than reading and listening exemplifies which approach?
• In the sentence 'This is the key to success, the plan was laid out yesterday,' the word 'This' refers to something mentioned later. Which type of reference is this?
• Which term describes the order in which grammar items are thought to be acquired?
• Which term is used to describe the technique of organizing content so that grammatical features increase in complexity?
• In the example where the learners finish units 1-4, the assessment given is which type?
• What is the term for the smallest meaningful unit of words/grammar?
• Which is a kind of descriptive grammar designed for teaching and focuses on grammar as a subsystem?
• What term refers to words that frequently occur together, either grammatically or lexically?
• Which term is exemplified by UNO, formed from the initial letters of United Nations Organisation?
• What do can-do statements specify in language learning?
• Used mainly for the purpose of social communication describes which type of language?
• Which term describes the spelling system and the written form of a language?
• Which term describes the stage in a language lesson where learners produce language using the target content freely?
• Which term describes a classroom approach that uses techniques from a range of methods rather than relying on a single approach?
• Which sounds are given as examples of affricatives?
• Which approach emphasizes a holistic, whole-language focus where the learner's ability to communicate is prioritized and tasks are conducted in the target language?
• Which approach claims language development grows from language use and is embedded in the experiences of its users?
• The term for the process of progressively losing a language, often the L1, due to dominance of another language is what?
• Which statement about CEFR is true?
• Which term describes lexical chunks that have slots for insertion of different words, used to express requests or instructions?
• Which term best describes the study of the sound changes such as assimilation, elision, liaison, and juncture?
• During a course, which assessment checks progress and tests only material covered so far?
• What is the plan that defines the work to be done in the classroom?
• Which term denotes the existence of intermediate terms between two opposite adjectives such as hot and cold?
• Which of the following best illustrates bottom-up processing?
• Which phoneme is the alveolar nasal?
• Which term describes the process of extending discourse by connecting successive utterances?
• Turn-taking is a type of organization in conversation where participants speak one at a time in alternating turns. What is this called?
• Which term describes a course that combines in-person and online content?
• Which term describes the negative impact of testing on teaching, such as encouraging students to focus on practice tests?
• Which category includes words used mainly as linking or supporting words for other words, having little meaning alone?
• Which concept addresses the extent to which the substance of a test is relevant to the person taking the test and/or those administering it?
• Which term describes the strengthening of a word's final consonant at the boundary before a following vowel?
• What language teaching approach has students work out rules and patterns based on a number of samples given?
• Which term describes a class of word used before a noun or noun phrase to indicate quantity, identity or significance (e.g. 'a', 'the', 'some')?
• The mental representations that organize knowledge about a topic to aid comprehension are called what?
• Which of the following is an open question?
• The transcription /pli:zdu:wit/ illustrates which concept?
• Which writing approach encourages brainstorming, planning, drafting, revising, and publishing?
• Which term is the meaning of a word relating to its referents called?
• Which term concerns the study of a language's sound system describing the abstract system that allows speakers to distinguish meaning from noise?
• Which term defines a voiced sound produced with no closure or restriction to the air flow?
• Which of the following demonstrates affixation?
• The practice of using a mix of languages within sentences to signal belonging is called what?
• The pronunciation model historically associated with educated speakers in the UK is called?
• What term describes adapted speech that adults use to address children and native speakers use to address language learners so that they will be able to understand?
• Which symbol corresponds to the unvoiced bilabial plosive?
• The quality of relationship within the classroom is called?
• What is the term for the capacity of a text to make sense?
• Intrinsic motivation is best illustrated by which behavior?
• Which term describes how social position is signified through the way one addresses others?
• Which learner type tends to separate details from the surrounding context and may rely less on others for support?
• Which feature of sentence stress indicates what the speaker regards as important in a sentence by making it longer, higher, or louder?
• What term refers to verbs that have little meaning on their own but can join with many other words to generate new meanings, sometimes called 'empty' verbs?
• Which term describes learners constructing their own rule system and developing through stages in second language acquisition?
• Which technique is used to organize materials so that complexity increases gradually across lessons?
• What term refers to a unit of language often perceived as a single unit, such as 'thank you' or 'ice cream cone'?
• Style in language refers to language use that varies due to which factor?
• Who argues that language consists of grammaticalized lexis, not lexicalized grammar?
• Which cognitive activity changes how information is organized in the brain without adding new information?
• Which term refers to slips caused by temporary factors such as a learner being tired or nervous?
• Which set of words best illustrates a lexical field?
• What term describes the classroom process organized by the teacher to prepare learners for moves towards learner autonomy?
• Which term refers to the pitch changes used to affect meaning?
• Which statement best describes Task-Based Teaching?
• An example of formative assessment is which of the following?
• What term refers to a word representing a specific type of something, such as 'bungalow' being a hyponym of 'house'?
• Which term describes two words that have the same form and meaning in two different languages?
• The rules for sequencing words to show relationships of meaning within sentences are called?
• Pedagogic grammar is designed to help learners use grammar for communication and is written for a specific target audience.
• What process describes how a word gains particular associations after repeated encounters?
• What term describes a conversation between learners who work together to solve a problem, focusing on the task?
• A list of words from a text showing how they are used in sentences is called?
• Universal Grammar is a theory in linguistics that proposes which idea?
• Which concept describes giving learners the power to make their own decisions about learning, fostering autonomy?
• Which syllabus is described as focusing on lexical outcomes?
• The acronym VAK represents Visual, Auditory, and Kinaesthetic channels. What does VAK describe?
• Which hypothesis posits that language acquisition arises from a combination of innate abilities and opportunities to engage in conversation?
• Dunn and Dunn's model of learning styles comprises how many modalities?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as an area of meaning in a notional syllabus?
• What term refers to language produced by learners when they attempt to convey meaning to listeners or readers?
• Which term covers language in its situational context, including knowledge and beliefs of the speaker and the relationship between speaker and listener?
• Which term refers to slang or informal speech often used in interpersonal talk?
• Which term is an adjective describing two-person discourse?
• What term describes a learning task that native speakers would perform in everyday life, imposing real communicative demands on the learners?
• What concept refers to speaking or writing when learners use less than the full quantity of language they know?
• An element or characteristic that can be measured or defined; for example, the amount of time a person has been learning.
• Which intelligence type describes learners who prefer working alone and are very self-aware?
• Which term describes a test that helps the teacher and learners identify problems that they have with the language?
• Which term refers to using similar sentence patterns to create rhythm and balance in a sequence?
• What is the name of a communicative activity where students ask and answer questions to find information they do not know, for example 'spot the differences'?
• Which term describes knowledge of spelling, pronunciation, vocabulary, word formation, grammatical structure, sentence structure and meaning?
• Which term describes leaving out elements of a sentence, such as using the same verb form regardless of person or tense?
• Which two skills are considered receptive in language learning?
• Which theory posits a universal set of rules with language-specific parameter variation?
• Which term is used to describe the period during which language can be acquired rapidly, often cited as 'critical age'?
• Content validity concerns whether a test measures what?
• Which term refers to sensitive periods when conditions are optimal for integrating prior knowledge and the accomplishment of new developmental tasks with assistance?
• A lexical group shared by a particular section of society is referred to as?
• Which type of lesson design in Scrivener is described as enabling students to use all the language they have at their disposal in authentic, real-life-like activities?
• A test that requires markers to evaluate rather than simply follow a rubric is known as?
• Which term refers to the review of course structure, content and methodology at the end of a course to inform improvements for future courses?
• Which term is the process of analyzing a text to determine its grammatical structure with respect to a given formal grammar?
• Which term is used to describe the process of signaling that the listener is following the speaker’s message, commonly heard in phone conversations?
• A language program organized around communicative functions rather than grammar is a?
• Which term refers to the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning in a language?
• Which term describes a language in which pronouns may be omitted when pragmatically inferable?
• Which symbol corresponds to the unvoiced labiodental fricative listed first?
• Which term refers to a sound produced by restricting airflow, often causing friction?
• What type of assessment uses tasks that replicate real-life activities (e.g., role-plays, letters, forms)?
• Which term describes a device that refers back to something mentioned earlier in the text, such as the pronoun 'It' referring to 'the towel'?
• What term is used for the social mechanism to maintain respect and status in conversation?
• Which utterance is a typical example of back-channeling in conversation?
• Which term denotes knowledge of spelling, pronunciation, vocabulary, word formation, grammatical structure, sentence structure and meaning?
• Which term primarily deals with the use of language in social context, including relationships and interaction?
• Which term describes the negative influence of one language while learning another?
• Which term would you use to describe two-person discourse as an adjective?
• Which term refers to an utterance that supports another speaker, such as 'uh-huh'?
• The sounds of a language that involve melody and rhythm rather than individual phonemes are called what?
• Which classroom arrangement involves two learners working together while the rest of the group observes?
• Which term describes verbs that behave similarly to core modals but are not universally agreed as core modals, with main examples including need to, have got to, ought to?
• Which learning assessment involves observing learners during activities and using gathered data to evaluate them rather than relying solely on tests?
• What is the term for a continuous piece of written or spoken language classified into genres?
• A form of figurative language that is in common use is called?
• The theory we attempt to 'save face' in discourse to keep status or achieve respect is called?
• Which term denotes multiple meanings for the same word (e.g., bank of a river vs bank as a financial institution)?
• Which phrase is provided as an example of intrusive linking sounds in connected speech?
• What term describes restricted exposure to language designed to draw attention to language points?
• Which method avoids teaching grammar rules and uses only the target language in the classroom, with translation avoided?
• What term describes a scale used to map frequency adverbs from never to always?
• The language type in which each affix carries one item of grammatical meaning.
• A learner living in an English-speaking country with abundant real-life practice demonstrates what kind of contact with the language?
• The four language skills are listening, speaking, reading and writing. Listening and reading are receptive skills. Speaking and writing are productive skills. What are these categorized as?
• Which language teaching method, developed by Gattegno, uses gesture, mime, visual aids, and Cuisinière rods to help students talk?
• Which term describes a drill where multiple elements of a pattern may be prompted and still maintain coherence?
• Which term is defined as English used as a common language among people who speak different first languages?
• In the sentence 'The news proved to be FALSE', what is FALSE's grammatical function?
• Which term describes a phonetic variant of a phoneme that does not change meaning and is conditioned by position in a word?
• A syllabus in which grammatical structures form the central organizing feature is known as?
• Which language is described as non-pro-drop in the material?
• Which term describes the pair 'lead' (to guide) and 'lead' (the metal)?
• What term describes words that have the same or very similar forms and meanings in two languages?
• Which term describes a language with roughly equal syllable-length distribution, commonly called syllable-timed language?
• Which theory attributes language ability to innate structure, associated with Chomsky and creativity?
• What is the unit of pronunciation that is typically larger than a sound but smaller than a word, and can include V, CV, and CVC patterns?
• Which term refers to a group of language users who function in the same context of use?
• In the relationship of superordinate and subordinate words, what is the term for the subordinate set?
• What are diagrams used to represent the time coverage of a verb tense called?
• Which term describes actions that are in progress and may be temporary or of limited duration?
• Which term refers to activities learners do before a listening activity to prepare for listening?
• Which example illustrates transactional language?
• Which term means a way of approaching or doing a particular activity?
• Which knowledge term refers to information from the surrounding text that has been said or will be said to aid interpretation?
• Guided writing involves a teacher working with a group on a writing task, aiming to support learners in this psychologically and cognitively difficult activity. Which term describes this approach?
• What is the term for the process by which a learner notices a language feature and forms a mental note about it?
• What is the process called when you derive rules based on examples, also known as discovery learning?
• Which term denotes words and phrases considered inappropriate in some contexts?
• What term describes the sound-related features that apply to the whole utterance, including word boundaries?
• Which term describes the study of phonemes, intonation, word stress, sentence stress, rhythm, and aspects of connected speech?
• Which term describes words that function primarily as connectors for other words?
• What term refers to a word or phrase signaling the function of the information that will follow?
• In the cognitive-code example, which rule is presented as the 'rule of the day'?
• What term expresses time in verbs, such as past, present, and future?
• Which term describes the relationship of similarity of meaning between words?
• A term used to refer to what a learner notices and/or retains in second language input or instruction.
• Which term refers to reading a text quickly to gain a general sense of its meaning?
• Which term refers to the teacher’s use of techniques from a range of language teaching approaches and methodologies?
• What term refers to features that can be learned at any time in the learner's development, such as vocabulary?
• Which type of questions cannot be answered with a simple 'yes' or 'no' and often begin with words such as why, where, or who?
• Which term covers the words and phrases used to signpost discourse and manage conversation?
• Which term describes the distinctive grammar and vocabulary linked to a region or social group?
• Which term describes what learners should be able to do or have done by the end of a course, focusing on end results?
• A strategy used by the learner who lacks the necessary language to express something, but perseveres with trying to express it. Which term is this?
• What term refers to a system of teaching practices and procedures based on beliefs about language and how it is learnt?
• What term denotes the order in which language features are acquired?
• Which option is not a typical feature of a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) as described?
• Which term best describes the environment where exposure is limited to focus attention on specific language points?
• Which term refers to the variation of language use depending on context, including cultural and social factors?
• What term denotes the usually deliberate choice of a particular way of saying or writing something, often ranging from formal to informal and affecting grammar and vocabulary?
• Which term describes the influence of a learner's first language knowledge on the second language?
• What term refers to an error that interferes with the comprehensibility of an utterance?
• Which concept states that most function words are unstressed, with content words bearing stress only for contrast or emphasis?
• Which word is typically used as a linker in discourse to add information or show sequence?
• Two or more consonants spoken together without an intervening vowel are called a _____?
• Which approach uses music as a central component of language teaching?
• Which term describes a transcription of the sounds of a word or phrase using IPA symbols?
• Which statement best describes Grammar-Translation as an approach?
• Which field examines how language is used in real contexts, considering the speaker, topic, and situation?
• What term refers to how syllables are stressed in a word?
• Which term is the main clause in a conditional sentence?
• In the example "I yam not happy," which phenomenon is illustrated?
• Which hypothesis states that learners have less difficulty acquiring target language patterns similar to their first language?
• Which term describes the language differences that reveal a speaker's regional background?
• In Neuro-Linguistic Programming, what is the technique that creates an association between a mental state and a stimulus called?
• Manfred Pienemann proposed a theory about learners' ability to process linguistic elements in different sentence positions. What is the name of this theory?
• Which term describes spoken language where words run together to form a continuous stream of sound?
• What type of test is evaluated by the opinion of the test-giver?
• What are extra sounds that appear in fluent, connected speech to link two words called?
• What is the extent to which language conforms to the rules of the standard variety?
• Which type of language is used to make a transaction and yields a result, such as requesting a refund?
• Which lesson design involves learners first performing a task to reveal needs, then instruction, then re-doing the task?
• Which term describes the practice of learners keeping a diary to reflect on their classes and plan improvements?
• Which description best captures the primary purpose of the can-do statements in CEFR?
• A statistical procedure that compares the relative frequency or size of different variables to determine whether there is a relationship between them is called
• In connected speech, weak forms are often pronounced as which sound?
• Which term corresponds to the ability to perceive differences between language sounds in perception tasks?
• This is either a participle or an infinitive and so does not show a particular tense.
• Which study technique is commonly recommended for visual/spatial learners to organize vocabulary?
• Which teaching technique involves practicing sentences that represent certain linguistic forms, typical of the audiolingual approach?
• Which place of articulation involves the middle part of the tongue on or near the front part of the hard palate, as in 'sh'?
• Which pair best illustrates a hyponym relationship?
• Which term describes the small set of morpheme-based items that belong to a cooking-related lexical field?
• What term describes statements that sound imprecise and unassertive?
• Which term describes a single vowel sound?
• In the example where gun equals pistol, revolver, and rifle, what is the term for the general category?
• Which term denotes a word with multiple related meanings?
• Which term is used to describe language that serves to smooth social relations and has an interpersonal function?
• Which term describes an intonation pattern that indicates the speaker is giving new information?
• Which term describes a sound produced by releasing air through the nose with a closure elsewhere; examples include /m/ and /n/?
• Which term describes communication strategies such as asking for help, paraphrasing, avoidance?
• The term that describes theories about language and language learning which influence classroom practice is known as an...
• Which consonants are cited as capable of forming syllables on their own, as in the endings of words like button and little?
• What is the term for knowledge of the language system?
• The degree to which a measure actually assesses what it claims to assess.
• Which term describes a relative clause not marked by explicit relative pronoun or complementizer?
• Affective strategies are learning strategies concerned with managing emotions.
• Which term refers to the ways in which words are pronounced?
• What term describes a continuous piece of spoken or written language with a recognizable beginning and ending?
• A group of words sharing the same root, such as politics, politician, political, belongs to which concept?
• Which term refers to a piece of information given to learners to use in a drill?
• Which term describes the emotional or associative meaning a word carries beyond its literal definition?
• What is the smallest unit of human sound that is recognizable but not classified?
• Which term is used for the study of how utterances function in social interaction to achieve interactional goals?
• Which term describes English used as a lingua franca between speakers of different first languages?
• Neuro-linguistic programming is a theory about how the mind processes experience through senses. What is the acronym?
• Conditions surrounding a given situation (facts, social/historical background, time and place) are called?
• Which term describes the four subsystems of language: grammar, vocabulary, phonology, and discourse?
• Which field studies non-verbal communication achieved by body movement?
• What term connects two or more items (words, main clauses, sentences) of equal syntactic importance?
• An approach focused on vocabulary including collocations and chunks as main focus for syllabus design.
• Which category includes words like 'so', 'and', 'but', and 'or' that connect parts of discourse?
• Which term refers to the time learners spend talking rather than the teacher?
• As an example of language focus in the classroom, which item could be chosen to concentrate on a specific feature of language?
• What term refers to Content-Based Language Teaching, where lessons are organized around subject matter rather than language points?
• A relative clause adds essential information to identify the noun. What type is it?
• In the example 'baNAna', on which syllable is the stress placed?
• Which term describes the process of joining the final consonant of one word to the initial vowel of the next word with no pause?
• A vocal sound made without the audible stopping of breath is called, by definition, which of the following?
• Which approach is associated with Terrell and emphasizes informal acquisition, tolerance of errors, natural communication?
• Which term describes words with the same form and a related meaning or sense, as in head (body part) and head of state (leader)?
• What term describes how words are arranged in a sentence?
• Which consonants are produced without vibrating the vocal cords?
• Which concept describes a stage in which children or learners listen and comprehend before producing words, sometimes engaging in private rehearsal?
• The language used to describe, analyse or explain another language is called which term?
• What does the abbreviation ZPD stand for?
• An reference that points to something which occurs later in the text is called what?
• What term refers to consistent errors in learners' language output that indicate they are constructing a system for understanding and producing language?
• Vocabulary choices that reflect membership in a social group describe which term?
• Field describes which aspect of a communicative event?
• In discourse, the recipient of a message is known as the?
• Which term involves inserting one sentence into another sentence, often changing word order?
• Which classroom technique involves the teacher modeling a phrase, students repeating, and then substituting key words to create new sentences?
• Which term best describes the process of creating new words by adding prefixes or suffixes?
• Which scoring method assigns a single overall score to a writing or speaking sample based on global impression?
• What term describes learning that occurs inside the classroom but is not planned by the teacher?
• It normally follows a verb phrase (often the verb to be, seem or appear) and can be an adjective, noun phrase, pronoun, or number; it can also follow the object of the sentence. What is it?
• What term defines a complete unit of talk bounded by the speaker's silence?
• What term describes making learners more sensitive to specific language or ideas before an activity?
• A word consisting of a single syllable is called what?
• The process of teaching about the form, meaning or use of vocabulary that learners are likely to need later is called?
• What does the acronym ESA stand for in Harmer's framework?
• Which term describes assessment conducted during a course to support language learning?
• The ability to understand and produce contextualised stretches of language in spoken or written texts.
• What is the process speakers go through to reach a clear understanding of each other?
• A course made up of both face-to-face and online contents is called what?
• Pelmanism can benefit learners who have strong what type of intelligence?
• What term describes a description of how to use the grammar of a language to communicate, written for learners and reflecting certain linguistic theories?
• What term denotes the practice of offering learners many examples of a language feature within their input?
• In linguistics, what term describes the alternate pronunciations of the same phoneme, such as the /g/ in goose and the /g/ in geese?
• In spoken dialogue, hesitations such as 'um' or 'uh' are called what?
• What is the term for providing the necessary resources, information, and support to enable learners to complete a task?
• Which term describes a sentence built by combining a main clause and a subordinate clause to emphasize a point?
• Which phenomenon occurs when what a learner reports learning differs from the intended instruction?
• Which resource used in the Silent Way is described as a visual teaching aid and comes in various lengths and colors?
• What is the set of instructions telling students what they have to do for a test?
• What is the term for the ability to understand and produce contextualised stretches of language in spoken or written texts?
• Which teaching approach is associated with humanism and uses Fidel charts and Cuisenaire rods?
• A word used before a noun to indicate quantity, identity or significance.
• What term describes referring back to something already said in the conversation?
• Which term describes learning where the student and teacher are not in the same place at the same time?
• Which of the following is an example of a cohesive device used to link ideas?
• A word or phrase that links ideas across clauses, such as 'and' or 'however', is called what?
• Which term is used for words formed by attaching bound morphemes to a base, such as deformed or de-form-ed?
• Interpretation of a word in a particular context or language variety.
• The variety of a language typically used in formal writing and public speaking, which can differ by country, is called what?
• Questions that focus on the meaning of a language item and usually answer yes or no are called?
• Which teaching approach is characterized by explicit grammar rules and the use of translation exercises?
• What term describes the procedure where students plan, draft, revise, edit and then publish or share a text?
• A speaker begins to say something but then stops or restarts; this is known as what?
• What is the term for a pattern in conversation where an utterance is followed by a linked response, such as a question followed by an answer?
• What is the smallest unit of language that has meaning?
• A verb that does not take an object is called what?
• The process of adding vowels to consonant sequences to form pronounceable syllables is called?
• Which describes how language is actually spoken or written and does not prescribe usage?
• Which term refers to a system of communication through speech understood by a group to have the same meaning?
• Which method uses techniques developed in group counselling and involves learners talking in their native language with translation by the teacher?
• Which concept describes a meaning relationship where the existence of one implies the existence of the other, as in employer and employee?
• Tenor describes which aspect of a communicative event?
• The verbal signals used by a listener to indicate interest, attention, surprise etc are called what?
• What is the name of the lesson paradigm that begins with learners using the target language in a task, then the teacher addresses gaps, and finally learners perform another task?
• A verb which is/can be used to describe a condition, state, belief, emotion, possession or sense is called what?
• Which learning approach involves the learner deducing rules for themselves from context or examples?
• Which term describes replacing a full noun phrase by a shorter form such as a pronoun?
• In pragmatics, what is used to soften the possible negative impact of what has been said?
• Which approach starts by giving learners rules, then examples, then practice?
• A test taken to assess language ability regardless of course of study.
• Which approach emphasizes informal acquisition of language rules and tolerance of errors with natural communication?
• Which two skills are considered productive in language learning?
• Which term describes expressions that depend on context for meaning and suggest shared knowledge between speakers?
• Which tense is used in the sentence 'I have lived here since 1989' to describe an action that started in the past and continues into the present?
• Which type of assessment measures a learner's overall ability in English?
• What term describes starting an utterance and then stopping to repeat or reformulate it?
• What describes techniques where students learn from each other or by interacting in groups?
• Varieties of English spoken and written in many countries around the world are described as?
• Which term describes a phoneme formed of two vowel sounds joining in a glide, such as /au/?
• In Harmer's ARC model, what are the three stages in the correct order?
• Which syllabus is organized according to general areas of meaning used in most grammars?
• Which language learning method originated in the early 1970s and was founded on three tenets: discovery learning, use of physical objects, and problem-solving central to learning?
• What technique provides learners with a large number of examples of a language feature in the input?
• Which linking sound is inserted between two rounded vowels, as in 'you are' or 'you eat'?
• A complete unit of talk, bounded by the speaker's silence.
• Which of the following is an example of a bound morpheme?
• Which term describes the use of real-world text samples to derive rules that govern a language?
• Which type of syllabus is described as built around vocabulary knowledge and lexical items?
• Which type of strategies are used by learners to plan, regulate and monitor their learning? Example: highlighting important information.
• The clause element that follows linking verbs and provides further information about the subject.
• Which term describes consonant sounds produced without vibrating the vocal cords?
• Which concept encompasses rhythm and intonation patterns of speech?
• What is the classroom focus term for concentrating on specific features of language, such as present perfect or clothing lexis?
• What term refers to a reduced form often marked by an apostrophe in writing?
• Which drill requires learners to substitute one element of a pattern with the prompt and adjust as needed?
• Which term describes a text designed to be close to authentic content but adjusted for learner's level?
• Which term covers properties like pitch, loudness, tempo, and rhythm in language?
• Which term describes utterances that take the form of incomplete, minor, or ungrammatical sentences?
• An achievement test is characterized by being based on what learners have seen in the units.
• Which term describes the learner's evolving grammar that is not L1 or the target language, but a transitional system?
• Which term describes finding answers from clues and from prior knowledge rather than directly from the text or speech?
• Which term denotes a text type with distinctive features such as formal letters, anecdotes, or emails?
• Which symbol corresponds to the close back rounded vowel?
• Which instructional approach, associated with Bill VanPatten, gives learners explicit information about the language features to be learned and focuses practice on the comprehension of sentences or texts?
• Which term best describes the reference in the sentence 'The car was new, and it has never been damaged,' where 'it' refers to 'car'?
• Which words function to signpost and link ideas in speaking and writing, helping manage conversation and indicating turns?
• Which type of verb is used to support another verb and indicate tense, aspect, person, voice, or mood?
• Which activity involves repetition or highly controlled oral practice?
• In a language learning context, which term describes a unit that exemplifies a particular function, such as giving advice?
• Which device involves leaving out words that are recoverable from context to avoid repetition?
• In the writing process described, what is the final stage where the text is published or shared?
• Which classroom approach emphasizes natural communication with minimal prepared materials?
• Which term describes words or phrases that have a social function and are not meant literally, such as 'You're welcome'?
• Extending a pattern learned in one context to another is called what?
• What term describes ways of finding out what students need or want to study on a language course?
• Which term names the three-stage lesson model consisting of presenting language rules, practice, and production?
• What is the IPA symbol for the voiced palato-alveolar fricative?
• What term describes mistakes made by a learner due to not knowing something, as in producing 'I buyed a new book'?
• In online learning, which tools exemplify asynchronous communication such as email and discussion forums?
• Which phrase demonstrates a de-lexicalised verb?
• Which language type features a roughly equal distribution of stress across syllables?
• Which language-teaching method emphasizes using only the target language in the classroom and inductively teaching grammar with realia and demonstrations?
• Which term denotes the grammatical category used to indicate time by verb form (e.g., walked vs walks)?
• A classroom activity in which learners need to talk or write to one another to complete the activity is called what?
• They join what has already been said to what follows; example: moreover, meanwhile. Which term describes this kind of word?
• In the sentence 'We went from here to there in 10 days', the word that connects a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to other parts of the clause is called what?
• In the word 'disinterested', which part is a free morpheme?
• The 'launch pad' of a message is typically realized by a noun phrase and represents the topic or given information. What is this called?
• What is a consequence of developing an L2 lexicon independently of the L1 lexicon?
• Which term describes a syllabus based on a series of grammatical structures sequenced by perceived complexity?
• What is the basic unit of spoken language that can contain one or more tone units and must have a nucleus with pitch movement?
• Which term describes the grammatical system that a learner creates during the process of learning another language, occupying a point between the learner's L1 and the target language?
• Which term best describes the process of introducing key vocabulary before reading or listening activities?
• Mode describes which aspect of a communicative event?
• The term for choosing language style based on social context and purpose is?
• Which term describes a fixed expression whose meaning is not literal and cannot be deduced from the individual words?
• Which approach is described as emphasizing deep-end communication, with learners using language to learn it, and contributing to task-based learning?
• Which description correctly defines intensive reading/listening?
• Which term best captures the study of how words in a sequence contribute to the meaning of a text, including collocations?
• Which term describes the ability to speak the language idiomatically and accurately, without undue pausing, without an intrusive accent, and in a manner appropriate to the context?
• Which term corresponds to Text as a Linguistic Object?
• Which term best describes a language analysis that focuses on how language is used in real communication with no fixed right or wrong forms?
• Which teaching method presents language items as instructions and requires students to perform exactly what the teacher tells them (for example, 'Jump')?
• Which of the following is given as an example of a text in the material?
• Total Physical Response is an example of an approach that seeks to develop which kind of intelligence?
• Which term is used for the actual use of a verb in context, such as asking for permission or apologising?
• Which concept provides a ranking of relative clauses by the grammatical role they play, such as subject, direct object, and genitive?
• An emerging linguistic system developed by a learner of a second language who is not yet fully proficient is referred to as what?
• What are questions designed to check learners' understanding of a language item?
• A generic term for the ways in which different language systems in the mind interact and affect linguistic performance or development is
• Which term on the list refers to the ability to produce extended written and spoken texts, such as conversations?
• The placing of clauses or phrases one after another, without words to indicate coordination or subordination, as in Tell me, how are you
• The language common in speaking that includes words like about, kind of, sort of, used to soften statements is known as what?
• Which sentence is given as an exponent illustrating a polite request?
• Which statement correctly characterizes semi-modal verbs?
• Which term matches a word used to imitate a sound in language?
• Which statement best describes the difference between style and register?
• The symbol /ʊ/ represents which vowel quality?
• Which term describes the language used to share feelings or establish sociability rather than to convey information, such as greetings?
• Which theoretical perspective asserts that humans are born with mental structures designed for language acquisition?
• What is the term that covers the systematic study of the sound system of a language?
• In a lesson, which skills are defined by understanding language rather than producing it?
• An adverbial clause tells us more about what?
• What is the term for the smallest meaningful unit of sound in a language?
• Which teaching approach aims to help learners notice how texts are structured and replicate those structures?
• Which term describes a sound produced by closing both lips and releasing air, as in /p/ or /b/?
• What term describes the smooth linking of words in connected speech?
• In PPP, which stage focuses on using the language more freely and in more natural settings?
• What term refers to two different words that have the same spelling and the same pronunciation?
• What term describes a word that sounds the same as another word but has a different spelling and meaning?
• Which aspect of pragmatic competence concerns using language to carry out certain intentions?
• Which term means the ability to imagine another person’s thoughts, beliefs, and feelings?
• In instructional design, which technique organizes content so that learners encounter sentences of progressively increasing grammatical complexity?
• What is Contextualisation in language learning?
• Which term describes the process of applying a learned pattern to new contexts?
• Which concept refers to words omitted because their meaning is implied, resulting in a casual tone?
• In the sentence 'I know WHAT HE WAS DOING THERE', what type of clause is 'WHAT HE WAS DOING THERE'?
• The modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, mood, voice, aspect, person, number, gender and case. Example: 'ed' ending in past simple.
• Which term describes a syllabus that can be studied in any order?
• Which term is used to denote the question added at the end of a sentence to seek confirmation?
• Which type of speaking activity involves learners speaking for longer periods in freer form and practicing all communication skills?
• In the example 'The audience were very appreciative. The crowd gave the orchestra a standing ovation', the second noun phrase 'the crowd' functions as what?
• What term refers to the temporary interpersonal support learners receive while their language system is under construction?
• Each individual 'move' in a conversation is called what?
• What is Richard Schmidt's hypothesis that learners acquire only what they notice in the input?
• What symbol is listed as the voiced alveolar fricative?
• In pronunciation, which quality should be targeted to ensure effective communication, recognizing native-like pronunciation is rarely achieved?
• Which symbol is listed for the voiced alveolar fricative as described in the material?
• What term describes language understood by a learner because it is adjusted to their level or supported by gestures and context?
• Which term covers both joining sounds and inserting sounds between words to ease pronunciation?
• Which teaching approach aims to minimise technology and emphasizes learner-teacher interaction?
• Which term describes the teaching of the language that learners need before an activity?
• What term refers to the collection of phonemes that make up a language's phonology?
• Criteria concerning what a learner can successfully do with language in the real world, against which they can be assessed or self-assess themselves, is called what?
• The class of auxiliary verbs that express mood or attitude and include must, can, could, will, would, may, might, shall, and should is called?
• Intonation is primarily concerned with which vocal feature?
• End-of-course exams designed to decide whether students progress to the next course are an example of which assessment type?
• Characteristic way in which a learner tends to think about a task and process new information; typically comes into play automatically rather than by choice. Which term?
• Which term describes a procedure for analyzing samples of learners' language to explain the errors they make?
• Adapted conversation patterns that proficient speakers use in addressing language learners so that the learner will be able to understand. Example: clarification requests.
• Which processing approach uses background information to predict the meaning of language that learners are going to listen to or read?
• Which term describes strings of words added to a declarative sentence to turn it into a question?
• Which statement best describes the Direct Method's approach to grammar?
• Which term describes knowledge about the world and typical types of text, allowing predictions by analogy with past experiences?
• A clause that is used in the same way as a noun or pronoun, as in I know WHAT HE WAS DOING THERE. What is this type of clause called?
• What term refers to Content and Language Integrated Learning, the practice of teaching a subject in English to learners whose first language is not English?
• Which term is described as one of the five possible elements in a clause or sentence that provides circumstantial information?
• Which term describes the stressed syllable before the tonic syllable, as in She LIVES in LONDON?
• Which statement about pro-drop languages is incorrect according to the material?
• Which item is NOT typically listed as a step in the process approach to writing?
• Which learning approach presents the rule to learners first and then has them apply it?
• Which unit is a verb followed by one or more particles forming a combined meaning?
• Which activity focuses on reading texts for enjoyment to develop general reading skills, with no tasks assigned?
• Which validity refers to whether the test content represents the domain it is intended to cover?
• Which sentence best demonstrates grammaring?
• Which pattern of classroom talk is commonly criticized for encouraging learners to say what the teacher wants to hear rather than true communication?
• What is the term for the tendency to place new information at the end of a clause or sentence?
• Which term describes deliberate manipulation of language to improve learning, including repetition and organising new language?
• Which full name corresponds to the abbreviation CLIL?
• Which pair illustrates a complementarity relationship between words?
• Which phonological term describes the linking of a consonant at the end of a word with a vowel at the beginning of the next word, with no pause?
• What term describes the implied or cultural associations attached to a word beyond its literal meaning?
• What is the dictionary meaning or core meaning of a word called?
• Which pair is a classic minimal pair in English phonology?
• What is the name of a test in which a response is required purely receptively by selecting one or more items from a list of possibilities?
• Which statement best represents Willis's view of words and grammar?
• Which term covers strategies used to avoid direct language and soften a point?
• Which term describes the repetition of key words to emphasise a point across a text?
• Which statement about acquisition is true?
• What type of listening involves the listener also being the speaker?
• Which term refers to the range of meanings related to how necessary or desirable the speaker views a situation?
• What is the term for the manner in which orderly conversation normally takes place?
• Which method uses gesture, mime, visual aids and Cuisenaire Rods to help learners talk?
• What term is used to describe the language in which syllables take approximately equal amounts of time to pronounce?
• Which hypothesis distinguishes acquisition as rough-tuned and unconscious while learning is fine-tuned and conscious knowledge of rules?
• What are the small wooden rods of different lengths and colours used as a classroom resource to visually represent various areas of language in the Silent Way?
• What type of test has right or wrong answers and can be marked objectively?
• CEFR stands for which of the following?
• Which suffix marks the present participle in English?
• What does IRF stand for in classroom discussion, a pattern where the teacher initiates, the learner responds, and the teacher provides feedback?
• Which term best matches the description of the activity where learners reconstruct a short text from listening and notes, used as a base for reconstruction?
• Which term describes the practice of enabling learners to shape their own learning trajectory?
• In RP, the word 'bath' is pronounced with which vowel sound?
• Allomorph are different forms of the same morpheme.
• During the silent period, which private activity may be observed as learners engage in subvocal rehearsal?
• Semantic change can make a word wider in meaning, narrower in meaning, more positive, or more negative. Which option is NOT listed as a possible outcome?
• What term describes a fixed expression whose meaning is not literal, such as 'feeling under the weather'?
• During a discussion, a teacher provides a list of useful phrases and acts as a quick reference for questions. This illustrates which role?
• Which approach was developed by Lozanov and uses dialogues, situations, translation, and music?
• Which term describes a roundabout, indirect, or lengthy way of expressing something; the use of more words than necessary?
• Which approach emphasizes starting with language systems and using them later, focusing on shallow-end communication first?
• The extent to which the same score could be expected from a candidate taking the same test on different occasions is known as what?
• Prior knowledge of the formal structure of different types of texts which assists readers and listeners in understanding is called what?
• An expression whose meanings cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words that make it up. eg. to make ends meet
• Which expression is a classic example of a formulaic chunk learned as a whole?
• The process of continuing discourse by linking utterances is called?
• Which hypothesis claims that language learning occurs only for the features learners notice in the input?
• Which term refers to the psychological barrier that affects input processing, where a low filter aids comprehension?
• Which phoneme class involves a consonant sound produced with partial constriction of the air flow, releasing slowly, such as /ʃ/ or /s/?
• What is the study of how meaning is created by words called?
• Which term refers to knowledge about how the world is organized, stored in the mind, and used in reasoning?
• What term refers to language used to describe language?
• Which term refers to the effect created by placing two synonyms close together for emphasis?
• The zone of proximal development describes the space where a learner can perform at a higher level with support from an interlocutor. What is this space called?
• Gloss notes are typically found where to clarify word meanings?
• Which teaching approach involves learners discovering language rules by analyzing a set of examples rather than being told rules directly?
• What is the difference between input and intake as described in language learning terms?
• In connected speech, a feature where a sound is modified by a neighboring sound is called what?
• Which type of learner activities are not meaningful but provide tools to use language, such as focusing on articulation?
• Which term best describes language features shaped by social identity?
• What term describes words placed before nouns to show quantity?
• What is the abstract term for the relationship where one word denotes a more general category than another, as in 'car' and 'vehicle'?
• The main syllables emphasized in a tone group are called?
• Which term is the ability to use language in a contextually appropriate fashion?
• Which learning approach has learners generalize the rule from examples before practicing it?
• Which term describes words that are written and pronounced the same way but have different meanings?
• Which type of intelligence is linked to logical reasoning and scientific investigation?
• Jane and Dave Willis argued that the most frequent words express the language's most frequent meanings. This supports a focus on what?
• Which statement is true about the Direct Method?
• A syllabus where content is organized around the purpose of use, such as Giving Advice, is called?
• An utterance that demonstrates a specific function, such as making polite requests, is known as?
• What term is used for an item that is an example of the function of making a polite request?
• What term describes a clause that adds information to a sentence but is incomplete and cannot stand alone?
• Which feature describes the greater emphasis of some syllables or words over others during speech?
• Which term concerns the social, psychological, and physical setting in which a communicative event takes place?
• What is the term for a form of assessment administered periodically during a course to monitor the learning process and encourage revision?
• What term describes a word that is spelled the same as another but often pronounced differently, such as 'row'?
• A conjunction (like 'and' or 'or') that connects two identically constructed grammatical constituents
• Which of the following is a content word?
• Which term is a test that compares learners to their peers?
• What does Consciousness-raising involve in language learning?
• Which theory posits that learning is socially mediated and occurs through dialogue in face-to-face interaction?
• Which word is a filler commonly used to delay or think during speech?
• Which term is the main clause in a conditional sentence?
• In which approach are authentic model texts used as a starting point for analysis and replication in teaching academic writing?
• Reading and listening, because learners do not need to produce language to do these, are known as?
• Which field studies the actual use of language in relation to context, user, and topic?
• What do you call words that sound alike but have different meanings and spellings?
• A word or phrase that refers back to another word or phrase used earlier in a text.
• What term describes the disappearance of an expected sound in rapid spoken language?
• Which theory posits that the mind processes experience in different modalities and shares this view with the theory of multiple intelligences?
• What describes how language points to spatial, temporal, and personal features of the context, as in 'you' and 'here'?
• What term describes an activity done after a lesson which extends learning and can personalize language?
• In the sentence 'Maria baked a cake. It was delicious.', the pronoun 'It' is an example of which type of reference?
• What term describes the effect where a seemingly neutral word can have positive or negative associations due to frequent collocations?
• Which term describes a consonant produced by a complete closure of the vocal tract followed by a release; includes /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/?
• A term used to classify types of spoken or written discourse, normally classified by content, language, purpose and form; for example formal letters, belongs to which term?
• Which term is a word formed from the initial letters of a multi-word name?
• Which function is commonly provided by a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE)?
• The phrase 'If I was you...' is used to illustrate which teaching approach?
• What is the awareness of one's own use of language, such as defining a word?
• Which term means avoiding directness in communication to lessen a negative effect?
• A task in which students must put things into an order is known as?
• Which test category is designed to determine a learner’s starting level before instruction begins?
• Which term refers to the way speakers and writers express personal attitude to what is being said or written?
• Using the medium of English to teach a subject such as geography to learners whose first language is not English is known as what?
• A variety of role play in which students play themselves in familiar contexts to address real-life situations is called?
• Which classroom activity requires learners to reconstruct a short text by listening and noting key words?
• Which component of communicative competence focuses on structuring and linking ideas to achieve coherence in discourse?
• Which term describes a consonant sound produced by blocking the air and then releasing it?
• What do you call a pair of learners working together with the rest of the group observing?
• Which term pertains to the study of how learners show accurate use of grammatical forms across different structures?
• Which ICT tool is given as an example in the material?
• What is the smallest language item that can occur on its own?
• Which term describes the attitudinal meaning of a word that may be culturally determined, such as positive or negative associations?
• An approach where learners do a task using language they can naturally, possibly after seeing or hearing it performed by native speakers?
• What term refers to the speaker's or writer's view of how likely a situation is?
• Aspects of a language which develop in a particular sequence, regardless of input variation, learner motivation, or instructional intervention are called
• Gloss refers to summaries of the meanings of words, usually found as notes in the margin or between the lines of a text. What is gloss?
• What term refers to the suitability of a word for a given context and cultural setting?
• What term describes recurring fixed forms that consist of more than one word and whose meaning cannot be worked out by cutting it up?
• When two vowels appear together in fast speech, an extra consonant sound is often inserted. This phenomenon is called?
• The examples memory stick, brand name, well-respected illustrate which category?
• The language skills of speaking, listening, writing and reading are often divided into sub-skills. What is the term for these specific behaviours?
• The language you can find before and after a language item is called?
• Which mood includes commands?
• What describes input that is deliberately altered to emphasize linguistic forms?
• According to the cognitive-code example, how frequently were authentic materials used?
• What term describes a narrowly defined unit of grammar used as the focus of a lesson?
• Which term is correctly paired with a stage in the writing process after planning and drafting?
• What is the term for repeating a learner's incorrect utterance and changing it to a correct form?
• The process by which an item changes word class, such as noun to verb, is called?
• An anaphoric reference refers to something that occurred earlier in the text. Which example best illustrates this?
• STT stands for what in language teaching?
• Which term describes rules about language use that classify language as correct or incorrect?
• Which option is a typical example of mode, i.e., the means by which the text is created?
• A formal letters example illustrates which classification of discourse?
• A variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting, such as informal talk in a pub vs formal signing of contracts, is called what?
• What is another name for the sequence in which language features are acquired?
• What term describes the use of formal tests or structured continuous assessment to evaluate language?
• Which place of articulation uses the lower lip and upper teeth, as in /f/ and /v/?
• Which term refers to a technique in which a more proficient language user rewrites a student's draft, keeping to the ideas but re-expressing them in more correct and appropriate language?
• A syllabus primarily organized around language functions and notions such as apologising and time duration is called what?
• Which term is the result of combining words, typically with an apostrophe, to form a shorter unit?
• Which concept describes second language acquisition as learners constructing their own rule system and developing through predictable stages?
• Which term denotes the vocabulary of a language, as opposed to its grammar?
• A mental representation of a typical sequence of events is called what? Example: checking in at a hotel.
• Final consonants and initial vowel linking, as in an + apple becoming 'anapple'.
• The place in an utterance where the major pitch movement begins, marking the focal point of the message.
• What term describes being aware of how you think or learn, aiding learner autonomy?
• What term describes chunks whose parts never change, such as 'Let's face it' or 'Merry Christmas'?
• Which statement best describes a syllabus in language education?
• Which term refers to two words that are written differently but pronounced the same?
• Which term describes the emphasis on loudness, pitch, and duration of syllables in speech?
• The vocabulary of a language is known as which of the following?
• Which of the following is a compound word?
• What term describes consonants that can form syllables on their own?
• The proposal that there is a limited period during which language acquisition can occur is the
• Ss speaking or writing using the full range of language at their disposal is described as what?
• Which field studies how stretches of language achieve both cohesion and coherence?
• Sounds which occupy an intermediary position between vowels and all other consonants are called a _____?
• Which term describes the use of pitch in speech to convey differences in meaning?
• An umbrella item of lexis that subsumes more specific items, such as fruit including apple and orange, is called what?
• In Scrivener's revised framework, what is the difference between R1 and R2?
• What do we call a question where the asker does not know the answer in advance?
• The ability to recognise de-contextualised language is described as a milestone in which stage of language development?
• A pronunciation model historically regarded as standard in the UK and used as a teaching reference is called?
• What term refers to how good a learner is at the language they are learning?
• What is the literal dictionary meaning of a term, devoid of emotion?
• What term describes the repetition of what a student has just said?
• Affective factors are emotional factors which influence learning.
• A branch of linguistics concerned with the use of language in social contexts and the ways in which people produce and comprehend meanings through language is called what?
• Which term describes a drilling technique in which the teacher begins with the last sound and gradually builds up to the beginning?
• Which concept refers to pitch, intonation, stress, and rhythm, i.e., prosody, in a language?
• In language teaching, practising language that learners have seen previously and recycling it in a different context is called what?
• A word with different but related senses, such as a person’s foot and the foot of the stairs, is called a what?
• Which term describes a pair of words that share pronunciation but differ in meaning and spelling?
• Which method emphasizes using authentic language in class and avoids explicit grammar explanations?
• The study of the internal structure of words and how they change to form new words is called?
• Which term describes a word class that includes 'a' and 'every' used before a noun to indicate quantity or identity?
• A test administered at the end of a course to determine whether the objectives have been achieved is called what?
• In connected speech, what are weak forms?
• Which term refers to analyzing language into parts (such as grammar or functional exponents) that can later become content in a syllabus?
• Children learning their first language go through a long period of listening before producing words. This is known as the?
• What does the acronym TTT stand for in classroom practice?
• Which statement best captures what NLP suggests about individual differences in processing language experiences?
• A test that attempts to measure knowledge of a single aspect of language use.
• Eclecticism in teaching is best described as what?
• Which speaking activity involves forming progressively larger groups and reaching agreement before joining the next group?
• Which language teaching method uses both L1 and L2 to help learners communicate real messages?
• Which term is illustrated by the sounds /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ in 'chair' and 'joy'?
• A phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language. The difference in pronunciation does not affect meaning. The different pronunciations of the same phoneme are determined by position in a word. eg /p/ in /pin/ and /spin/
• Which term is defined as a structured list of words from a text showing how they are used in sentences?
• Which competence concerns the ability to use language appropriately for social contexts, role relationships and purposes?
• What concept, first proposed by Dell Hymes, encompasses the knowledge needed to communicate effectively and comprises multiple competences?
• Which term describes a consonant sound produced by partially blocking the airstream in the mouth, allowing audible friction without complete closure (for example /f/ or /v/)
• Which fast reading technique is used to locate specific information quickly?
• The inductive technique in language teaching is also known as which approach?
• What is the term for the most important content-carrying words in a text?
• Which type of knowledge underlies fluent or automatic performance?
• Which term is defined as the meaning of a word in relation to its referents, also known as referential meaning?
• Which term describes the language used to describe, analyze, or explain another language?
• Which term denotes a relation between elements that can be substituted for one another at a particular position in a structure?
• Which term describes repetitive oral practice of a language item?
• Repetition of what the student just said, sometimes to indicate an error or fill silences, is called?
• Which term means a word having several related meanings?
• Which term describes when ideas in a spoken or written text fit together clearly and smoothly and are logical?
• Which term describes the degree of formality of language used in a given context, such as formal versus informal situations?
• Which term refers to clues in a text used to deduce the meaning of unknown words?
• In Scrivener's description, what does 'Clarification and focus of language item' entail?
• A specific task to be done while an observer is watching a teacher in class is called what?
• Which competence includes grammar, lexis, and phonology?
• Decoding of a text, step by step from the smallest elements, for example sounds or letters, gradually building up to larger units of meaning such as sentences. Which term describes this?
• What is the term for a conjunction used to connect two grammatically parallel phrases or clauses?
• The term for moment-by-moment decisions about the organization of the classroom and activities is?
• Which term describes when two sounds next to each other are so similar you can't tell there are two? Example: the 2 'n's in unknown
• Which term refers to language varieties across many countries, recognizing multiple accents and usages?
• What term describes learners working in pairs privately while the rest of the class watches?
• The extent to which a learner’s production achieves its purpose in terms of transmitting or requesting information equals which concept?
• The process of language acquisition through exposure rather than formal instruction is called?
• The term for the omission of words in speech or writing when they are not needed to convey meaning is called...
• Which term is defined as the meaning of a word in relation to the objects, events, states or concepts it refers to, also known as denotative meaning?
• Which term refers to the collection of grammar, lexis, phonology, function and discourse as a whole?
• What term describes emphasis on syllables within words?
• Which term refers to the repetition of similar words for emphasis or effect?
• Working Memory is also known as which term?
• Which example best illustrates English for Specific Purposes?
• Which term is defined as teaching language through subject matter rather than language points?
• What is another common term for a 'plosive' consonant?
• An activity where learners read different texts/parts of texts and then exchange information.
• Which term denotes the ability to produce extended written and spoken texts, such as conversations?
• Which term describes referring forwards to a portion of a text that has not yet been mentioned?
• Presentation, Practice, Production is an approach to grammar lessons. What is the abbreviation?
• Which term best describes the approach to language learning that emphasizes active mental processes, with rules derived inductively after exposure to examples and a focus on meaningful practice?
• What term refers to the case where a single word has more than one related meaning?
• Which term describes the phenomenon where words point to other words or phrases, such as a pronoun referring to its antecedent?
• Which concept focuses on language functioning within social contexts such as advertising?
• What is the meaning of a word or utterance in context referred to as?
• A minimal pair demonstrates which phonemic distinction?
• Which approach emphasizes analyzing the structure of texts and teaching learners to reproduce those structures?
• What term describes an activity in which words are removed from a reading passage at regular intervals, and the reader replaces them?
• Which concept refers to a two-turn sequence where the second turn responds to the first, such as a compliment followed by thanks?
• What is the infinitive form of the verb without 'to'?
• Words that may look or sound the same in the target language and the student's first language but have two different meanings are called?
• What term describes a permitted variation in a phoneme usually determined by surroundings?
• In transcripts, which is indicated by (2.0) and (.) to show pauses?
• Which theory posits universal principles and language-specific parameters that vary within limits?
• Which term refers to the criteria for what a learner can do in real-world contexts?
• Which grammatical category indicates the time of an action by changing the form of the finite verb?
• What term captures the intended, context-defined and culturally sensitive meaning of an utterance?
• What term describes a clear example of the target language used to help learners notice language patterns and imitate?
• Which term describes the number of occurrences of a language item within a text corpus?
• Which statement best describes a free morpheme?
• Which word-formation process is demonstrated by 'Maths' from 'Mathematics'?
• Which term refers to words whose referent depends on the context?
• Which approach starts with examples and asks learners to derive the rules?
• Which hypothesis emphasizes that learners should be exposed to input that is just above their current level to facilitate acquisition?
• Which term describes knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation?
• Which term describes a process where a sound changes to become more like an adjacent sound?
• Which example best illustrates Congruency in ELT?
• Which term refers to the idea that learning preserves aspects of the context and thinking processes present during learning?
• A set of words sharing the same root but with different affixes, such as 'care', 'careful', 'carelessness' is called what?
• Which term refers to language features and vocabulary associated with a particular social group?
• Which motivational type refers to a desire to integrate with native speakers rather than just use language for practical tasks?
• What does ICT stand for?
• Eight-color coded charts that indicate possible spellings of each phoneme used to teach English in the Silent Way are known as:
• A word which is opposite in meaning to another one. Which term describes this relation?
• What term refers to the typical approach an individual tends to favour to acquire information or skills?
• Which approach views writing as emerging from a creative process including planning, drafting, redrafting, reviewing, editing, proofreading and the final draft?
• Which term is used for a test taken to assess candidates' ability, regardless of any course of study?
• Which term describes a verb form that carries tense and agrees with other words in a sentence?
• Before a listening activity, an instructor asks learners to discuss attitudes to love from favourite songs to sensitise them. This is an example of which practice?
• Which term refers to the ability to use language appropriately in a variety of settings, considering relationships and situational differences?
• What term refers to small differences in language sounds that can change meaning within a language?
• A course made up of a combination of face-to-face and online elements is known as what?
• In semantic relationships, if the body is the superordinate and the face is a hyponym, cheeks, mouth and nose are a _____?
• Internalise second language rules and vocabulary which are then used to communicate in the language. Which term fits?
• Cohesion refers to which of the following?
• What term refers to phrases or sentences of similar construction used to balance meaning and aid cohesion?
• What term describes the effect of the format of a test on teaching, often negative when it leads to teaching to the exam?
• Which term describes talk whose purpose is to achieve the exchange of goods or information?
• Which memory component is described as relatively permanent and used for long-term storage of information?
• Which of the following describes antonyms?
• Using a native speaker in a role-play is an example of which concept?
• Which concept, proposed by Dell Hymes, represents the knowledge needed to communicate effectively by integrating multiple competences?
• The ability to use language in ways appropriate to contexts of use, role relationships and communicative purposes is called what?
• The part of memory with limited capacity which can only hold information for a short period of time is known as what?
• Knowledge gained from experience of how the world is organized, stored as mental representations in the mind is known as what?
• What is the term for a sentence that introduces and/or summarises the main idea of a text or paragraph?
• Which term describes words formed by combining bound affixes with free morphemes?
• Which concept emphasizes a limited period during which language can be acquired effectively?
• Which method of language teaching relies on drills to teach structural patterns and is grounded in behaviorism?
• In inductive learning, which statement describes the learner's process?
• Which stage involves controlled practice of the target language after learners have seen examples?
• The term for the period during which a single participant speaks in a conversation is called what?
• What does the acronym CAH stand for?
• Which term refers to the leaving out of elements of a sentence because they are unnecessary or because their sense can be worked out from the immediate context?
• Stephen Krashen proposed the existence of which construct that controls the amount and quality of input learners receive?
• What term describes a group of items that belong to one topic area, possibly different parts of speech?
• Which drill is specifically about replacing one element at a time in a pattern with prompts?
• The ability of the learner to take responsibility for his/her own learning and to plan, organise and monitor the learning process independently of the teacher is known as what?
• Which term refers to a unit of sound that cannot be replaced without changing meaning?
• Which term refers to any piece of extended language that has unity and meaning and purpose?
• What does Controlled Language refer to?
• What term describes the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest?
• Older language learners are less likely to achieve a near-native accent due to which theory?
• Which term describes small coloured rods used as classroom manipulatives in language teaching?
• What describes the relation between what is said and what is meant, including implied purposes?
• Which process is defined as acquiring a language without formal instruction and sustained conscious effort?
• What term describes the regular repetition of stress in time?
• What term describes a general category that subsumes more specific items, such as fruit containing apple and orange?
• Which symbol represents the most common unstressed vowel sound in English, typically heard as /ə/?
• Which term is defined as a classroom dictation activity where learners reconstruct a short text by listening and noting down key words, which are then used as a base for reconstruction?
• Which factor contributes to making input comprehensible for learners?
• Which tool category includes slides, handouts, and diagrams to support teaching?
• Knowing how to use different kinds of strategies. Example: miming, to express something when language resources are lacking is called what?
• Which term describes replacing a noun phrase or a clause by a single word to avoid repetition?
• Which term describes the start of the main pitch movement within a tone unit?
• Which term describes the process of deriving rules from examples, sometimes referred to as discovery learning?
• Task-based language teaching emphasizes classroom activities that are tasks similar to real-world language use. Which term describes this approach?
• Which teaching approach involves mixing inductive activities, TPR, and task-based learning?
• In discourse, what describes a sequence of two related utterances by different speakers where the second depends on the first?
• What is the term for the degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure?
• Which type of sound is produced by air passing through the nose?
• Which concept refers to the ease (or difficulty) of producing, administering, and marking a test?
• Which term refers to language items used to indicate some kind of change of direction in the discourse, or to engage the listener?
• Which approach prioritizes using language for successful communication over purely theoretical knowledge of language structure?
• Which option best demonstrates the concept of sub-skills in listening, such as recognizing contracted forms in connected speech?
• A word sequence whose meaning is not literal, such as in the long run, red herring, or a rule of thumb, is called?
• An adjective that can vary in degree (e.g., big, interesting).
• An L-like consonant where the airstream proceeds along the sides of the tongue, but is blocked from going through the middle of the mouth is called a _____?
• What term is used for an error that occurs after the student has been explicitly exposed to the rule?
• Which term refers to phrases learned as wholes, such as "Once upon a time"?
• A grammatical category that marks time by changing the finite verb form (e.g., walked vs walks) is called what?
• What term describes the speaker's view of an event expressed by the verb, indicating whether the event has duration, is completed, or is repetitive, independent of the actual time of the event?
• What term describes the effect where a word-final consonant is strongly articulated before a following vowel, making it seem to begin the next word?
• Which term denotes the language feature that includes rhythm, tempo, and intonation along with tempo, loudness and voice quality of speech?
• What is the term for the technique that involves drawing language from students rather than feeding it to them?
• In language learning, Counselling describes what?
• Which term describes a vowel sound that consists of two vowels in sequence?
• In Scrivener's framework, which term refers to a deliberate restriction on the language that learners use?
• Which teaching approach emphasizes drilling and repetitive practice of grammatical and phonological structures, and is associated with behaviorism?
• Which term describes the study designed for teaching grammar as a subsystem of overall language proficiency?
• Which theory claims that every speaker knows universal principles and language-specific parameters vary within limits?
• Which term describes the organization of sentences and ideas within paragraphs so that they function as a cohesive whole?
• The meaning of something that is said, including the words used, the speaker's tone and posture and other contextual considerations is called what?
• The ability to use grammar structures accurately, meaningfully, and appropriately.
• Which term describes an information gap exercise where learners hear or read different parts of a text and exchange information to complete a task?
• What term refers to classroom-based research conducted by teachers to address their own local teaching questions?
• Chunks of language whose constituent parts never change.
• Within applied linguistics, which area focuses on how learners acquire language?
• Which term best describes the ability to adapt language to different social contexts?
• Which term refers to a word class used before a noun to indicate quantity, identity or significance?
• Which verbs are used to support another verb and convey grammatical information such as tense and mood?
• Which term refers to the plan of work showing lessons as units and identifying what goes on in each one?
• Which form of dictation aims to highlight differences between a learner's current level and the target language and is often done collaboratively to reconstruct the text?
• Which field studies how linguistics can address real-life problems across psychology, sociology and education?
• Periodic review of course structure, content and methodology to gain information to improve its later stages is known as which?
• Asked by teachers in order to find out what a learner can say in the target language.
• Which description matches the Silent Way method?
• The final consonant in the word 'sing' is which type of nasal sound?
• What term describes the class of words whose function is to join words, phrases, clauses and sentences of equal rank, as in "and"?
• What is the name of the activity in which learners memorize a collection of objects and later identify which objects are missing?
• Partially or completely losing the first language or a second language is known as what?
• What term refers to the way a word accumulates associations through repeated encounters?
• The approach to developing learners' writing skills that emphasizes imitating a model is called what?
• Which term includes stress, rhythm, pitch, tempo and intonation used to mark key meanings?
• What term describes using a pronoun to refer back to a previously mentioned noun?
• Which sentence demonstrates hedging?
• Which language type is characterized by affixes that attach to a base and each affix expresses a single grammatical category?
• Which assessment checks progress during a course and typically tests only material that has been taught?
• Which place of articulation describes consonants produced with the lower lip and upper teeth?
• The feature describing the omission of elements in speech or writing is called what?
• Which term describes using non-linguistic means such as mime to convey meaning when words are lacking?
• What term describes strategies used to communicate when the learner lacks the necessary language knowledge?
• Which symbol is listed for the unvoiced bilabial plosive?
• Which symbol among the given is a vowel?
• Two words which have the same (or similar) form and meaning in two different languages are called what?
• What term describes the rise and fall of the voice when speaking?
• The use of key words to encapsulate prior information and set up what follows is called what?
• Which teaching approach involves students first completing a task without help, then the teacher addresses problems and presents the target language, followed by a second practice task?
• Which term is defined as teaching a subject in a second language?
• Which approach to presenting language involves creating a natural context in which the target language arises?
• Which term describes a sound produced with the tip of the tongue behind or near the top teeth; the beginning sounds of 'think' and 'this'?
• Which approach focuses on explicit grammar rules and translation within language teaching?
• In a scenario where a teacher guides learners to identify and fix a grammatical form in a task that preserves meaning, which concept is illustrated?
• Which term refers to a sample of the target language used to demonstrate and model language for learners (such as a sentence or a pattern)?
• What term describes a test whose items appear to measure what they are intended to measure?
• Which term refers to a classroom activity in which learners have different information and need to exchange information to complete an activity?
• Which term is used to describe a reference that points back to something previously mentioned rather than forward?
• Which term describes consistent errors that indicate the learner is constructing a language system?
• The concept explained by the mental framework illustrated by the phrase 'air travel schema' is what?
• What is the term for activities that raise learners' awareness of language and do not require learners to use the language themselves?
• Which term is used for a word that manages the flow of discourse and includes items like 'oh', 'well', 'now', and 'then'?
• Which term refers to the way clauses and sentences are linked by reference, substitution, and ellipsis?
• In an ELT classroom, referential questions are used to do what?
• A technique for helping students say a difficult sentence by breaking it into smaller parts and practising slowly, then building up to the complete sentence is known as what?
• Which term describes a test that evaluates a learner's understanding of a specific course or study programme?
• In the sentence This is the man I SAW, the clause I SAW is an example of which type?
• Two or more words that commonly occur together are called?
• The individual sounds of a language are called what?
• Which term describes a vocabulary cluster that belongs to the cooking topic?
• What does the acronym VAK stand for in learning styles?
• Which term describes the pause or lack of pause at the boundary between two sounds?
• In RP English, which term describes vowel sounds that are longer than normal?
• What term refers to groupings of words which function like parts of speech? There are five types: noun, verb, adjective, adverb and preposition.
• An exercise where a second sentence is formed so that its meaning matches the first is called?
• Which symbol corresponds to the open-back unrounded vowel?
• Language-Related Episodes are moments when learners talk about language forms and engage in self- and peer-correction. Which term describes this phenomenon?
• Which term best describes how the sentiment of a word is influenced by its common collocations?
• Which of the following is a contextualisation activity?
• Which term describes test questions that do not rely on a previous question, allowing a fresh start to answer correctly?
• Which type of verb describes a state rather than an action?
• The part of a sentence that conveys what the writer considers newsworthy about the topic is called what?
• What term describes learning that occurs in the classroom without being planned by the teacher, when students notice language in a text?
• Which term refers to knowledge of language that learners understand but cannot produce?
• Which drill starts with a question and progresses in a chain as each learner answers?
• Which theory asserts language knowledge consists of universal principles with language-specific parameters across languages?
• Which term describes a (new) word created by combining two or more words, such as memory stick or well-respected?
• A test that combines several language elements in a single task, such as writing an essay that includes grammar, vocabulary, text layout, and register, is best described as an...
• Consonants articulated with the glottis, such as h, are described as a _____?
• Which of the following is an idiom?
• The HOW of the situation, the means by which the text is being created (e.g., email, face-to-face talk, broadcast talk), is referred to as which concept?
• Which describes rules for best usage, often based on the grammarian's view?
• Which term describes an activity where the primary goal is to improve real communication, typically featuring an information gap?
• Which term describes language used to describe language itself?
• Learning a language for its instrumental value, such as studying a subject in English at university, is known as which type of motivation?
• The act of replacing a noun phrase or a clause with a single word to avoid repetition is called?
• Backchaining, as a technique, primarily helps learners with which skill?
• Two or more words that co-occur in a language more often than would be expected by chance.
• Which term refers to a word that imitates the sound it represents?
• The relatively permanent part of the memory system is called what?
• Fossilisation stands for three stages of a class: Authentic Use, Restricted Use, and Clarification and Focus.
• Which processing involves decoding the language itself rather than relying on world knowledge to understand meaning?
• Which concept concerns how words combine to form text, including collocations?
• A consonant sound made by a sudden release of air from between the tongue and the alveolar/tooth ridge is called what?
• Which term from the list is a development tool for teachers that uses interviews, case studies, and questionnaires to gather data about a class?
• Which learning style prefers structure and an authority figure in the classroom?
• What term refers to the meaning of a word in relation to the objects, events, states or concepts it refers to, also known as referential meaning?
• What is the process of finding information stored in memory called?
• ARC is described as evaluating a learner's understanding of what?
• What describes a syllabus organized around abstract concepts and the exponents used to express them?
• What is the term for the system of principles children are born with that helps language learning?
• At B1 level, can-do statements typically indicate you can write letters or notes on which matters?
• What is prescriptive discourse?
• Which term refers to informal language variants used within a culture or group?
• Which competence concerns expressing intentions clearly and appropriately to the interlocutor and situation?
• Which ending is used to form the third person singular present tense in English verbs?
• Along with the four language skills, exams explicitly test two systems. Which are they?
• Which knowledge concerns how language is used in discourse, including expectations about cohesion and text organization?
• Which term describes a word, phrase, or clause that qualifies or describes another word, phrase, or clause as in This is a RED ball?
• What is the linking sound /w/ inserted between a word ending in a vowel and a following word beginning with a vowel called?
• Which pair of word classes are open according to the material?
• What term refers to words and phrases used in everyday speech but avoided in formal writing?
• What term refers to the modulation of voice used to support meaning?
• In the described free practice example, learners describe a process they have chosen after practicing the form with cues. This stage is best described as which?
• Which of the following can be an adverbial phrase?
• Which suffix marks the past participle in English?
• Which term focuses on the stages of writing such as planning, drafting, revising, and editing, and considering the audience?
• Theoretical models used to describe sequences of teaching, such as engage‑study‑activate, are called what?
• Which concept suggests that the more decisions learners make about a language item, the more likely they are to acquire it?
• Which term is a development tool for a teacher that involves observing or gathering other data about a class through interviews, case studies, and questionnaires?
• A verb that requires an object to be grammatical is called what?
• What term refers to language used by speakers to avoid frequent pauses, to hold the floor, or gain thinking time?
• Which term describes second language programs that focus on comprehension rather than production?
• Which term describes an umbrella item of lexis that includes a range of more specific items, such as fruit?
• Which teaching approach is cited as an example of a methodology, emphasizing direct instruction without translation?
• Which statement describes a non-defining relative clause?
• Which term describes a subdivision of a larger text usually comprised of several sentences and beginning with a topic sentence?
• Which conditional structure uses If + present simple, present simple and is often used to describe scientific facts?
• A set of words on a scale between two antonyms is called what?
• In language learning, which term best describes rewriting a student's draft to improve language while keeping ideas intact?
• Which concept is described as keeping language formality consistent with the domain, such as in medical text?
• The cognitive space in which we actively process new information; also called short-term memory.
• In the four language systems, which term covers language use beyond single sentences, focusing on how discourse is connected?
• Inductive approach, also known as guided discovery, is a technique where a teacher provides examples and helps the learners to find the rules themselves. What is this technique called?